Exam 15: The Adaptive Immune Response

A) IgA.
B) IgD.
C) IgG.
D) IgE.

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A) T helper cells.
B) T suppresser cells.
C) T cytotoxic cells.
D) T hypersensitivity cells.

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A) antigenic determinants.
B) an autoimmune response.
C) monomers.
D) allergens.

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A) are parts of the antibody molecule.
B) are T cell receptors.
C) are a portion of antigen recognized by antibody.
D) may be approximately 10-25 amino acids in length.
E) are a portion of antigen recognized by antibody AND may be approximately 10-25 amino acids in length.

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A) from plasma cells.
B) exogenous antigens.
C) endogenous antigens.
D) from T helper cells.

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A) It has 2 pieces (chains) , just like a B-cell receptor.
B) Both receptors bind epitopes (small amino acid sections of antigen molecules) .
C) Both bind structures directly on the surface of microbes.
D) Both can be secreted from lymphocytes to bind to pathogens under certain situations.

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A) low molecular weight
B) protein
C) foreign
D) polysaccharide
E) low molecular weight AND protein

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A) Yes-epitopes are just a sequence of amino acids in a row, so they do not change regardless of 3D shape of the protein molecule they lie within.
B) No-ALL epitopes are dependent on being in the proper original 3D conformation in the protein they arise within.Denaturing them would destroy them by destroying that conformation.
C) Yes AND No-SOME epitopes are dependent on 3D conformation (conformational epitopes) , while some simply depend on the primary order of amino acids (linear epitopes) .So, really, it depends on the particular epitope.
D) Yes-all proteins must be broken down into individual epitopes for presentation to B and T cells on MHC molecules, so each antigen protein MUST be denatured to yield ANY epitopes.

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A) Introducing a highly mutagenic drug into our systems to boost immunity? Are you nuts? This is going to cause cancer!
B) It WILL work, and work well.B-cells naturally have a high degree of mutation in their hypervariable region DNA as they undergo activation, and this is what leads to the possibility of affinity maturation.Boosting that activity will dramatically increase the likelihood of that process.
C) It won't work.Affinity maturation is a random mutation process, followed by selection of B cells with higher affinity for the antigen in question.It doesn't matter if you increase the NUMBER of mutations-they still need to be screened for affinity to the antigen, and you can only achieve a certain level of affinity.Beyond that, and any mutations in antibody genes are just 'extra' changes without any real effect.
D) The delivery method makes this impractical.It *might* work, but there are many lymph nodes around the body.During an infection, they would ALL be filled with B cells undergoing the process of affinity maturation.How would you deliver the drug to all the lymph nodes in every area of the body?

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A) heavy chains.
B) light chains.
C) antibody binding sites.
D) antigen binding sites.
E) heavy chains, light chains AND antigen binding sites.

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A) If the IgG bound to the phagocyte BEFORE opsonization, it would most likely be ingested by the phagocyte before it could bind to a pathogen (it would be 'naked,' so to speak) .
B) Binding of IgG by phagocytes would block the antigen binding sites on the IgG molecules, preventing them from binding to the microbes.
C) Binding of IgG by phagocytes changes their conformation-and by changing their protein conformation, their antigen binding sites are changed and they can no longer recognize their specific antigenic epitopes.
D) Binding of antibody by phagocytes results in immediate release of protein-destroying enzymes to the outside of the cell.Since antibodies are proteins, they would be destroyed by these enzymes (and would then be unable to bind to their specific antigenic epitopes) .

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A) amino acid sequence of the constant region of the heavy chain.
B) amino acid sequence of the variable region of the light chain.
C) ability to cross the placenta.
D) disulfide bonds.

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A) IgA
B) IgD
C) IgG
D) IgE

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A) thymus
B) spleen
C) lymph nodes
D) bone marrow
E) spleen AND lymph nodes

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