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In the 1950s,the CIA intervened in the internal affairs of which of the following countries?


A) Ethiopia
B) Afghanistan
C) Guatemala
D) Hungary

E) A) and B)
F) A) and D)

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C

"We come then to the question presented: Does segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race,even though the physical facilities and other 'tangible' factors may be equal,deprive the children of the minority group of equal educational opportunities? We believe that it does....In McLaurin [a 1950 case],the Court,in requiring that a Negro admitted to a white graduate school be treated like all other students,again resorted to intangible considerations: '...his ability to study,to engage in discussions and exchange views with other students,and,in general,to learn his profession.' Such considerations apply with added force to children in grade and high schools.To separate them from others of similar age and qualifications solely because of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status in the community that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely ever to be undone. We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place.Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." What position did Chief Justice Earl Warren take with respect to the notion of "separate but equal" in his landmark 1954 Brown v.Board of Education opinion?


A) The notion of "separate but equal" is wrongheaded in all arenas.
B) The notion of "separate but equal" is fundamentally incorrect in the case of school segregation.
C) The notion of "separate but equal" is logical in theory but rarely implemented in practice.
D) The notion of "separate but equal" is logical and fairly implemented,and thus should be maintained in the case of public schools.

E) B) and D)
F) All of the above

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How did rock and roll challenge American social and cultural norms in the 1950s?


A) It advocated for racial discrimination.
B) It was sexually suggestive.
C) It celebrated crime and drugs.
D) It encouraged political radicalism.

E) A) and D)
F) All of the above

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Which Egyptian leader seized the Suez Canal in July 1956?


A) Gamal Abdel Nasser
B) Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
C) Mohammed Mossadegh
D) Jacobo Arbenz

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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A

In the context of President Eisenhower's policy toward Native Americans,termination meant


A) stopping all forms of discrimination against American Indians.
B) stripping Native Americans of their U.S.citizenship.
C) ending the federal government's special relationship with the Indians by transferring jurisdiction over tribal lands to state and local governments.
D) removing the funding limits Congress had placed on federal aid to Native Americans and increasing spending to provide hospitals and schools on reservations.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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What caused the smog that plagued Los Angeles in the 1950s?


A) Sprawling urban and suburban settlements without efficient public transportation
B) Massive industrial growth combined with limited population
C) A huge electric power project that required diversion of the city's waterways and the cutting of its trees
D) The inefficiency of the diesel-powered buses and trains that made up the city's extensive public transportation system

E) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

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Who wrote the best-selling books Sexual Behavior in the Human Male and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female?


A) William H.Whyte Jr.
B) Alfred Kinsey
C) Vance Packard
D) Allen Ginsberg

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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What was Levittown,New York?


A) An example of mass-produced affordable housing in the suburbs
B) An example of one of the worst slums in an American city in the Northeast
C) A successful attempt at the racial integration of an American housing development
D) A failed suburban housing development that contributed to the rebirth of cities across the nation

E) All of the above
F) C) and D)

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Secretary of State John Foster Dulles supported a foreign policy strategy of


A) talking with Soviet officials to make sure the Soviet Union and the United States understood each other.
B) going to the brink of war to halt the Soviets' efforts to extend their territory any farther.
C) rotating diplomatic personnel between the Soviet Union and the United States so the two nations could better understand each other's foreign policy.
D) an all-out nuclear assault on the Soviets if they even looked as though they were about to encroach on the free world.

E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

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In most cities during the 1950s,the black population


A) dropped by 50 percent as African Americans migrated to the suburbs.
B) doubled as African Americans sought economic opportunities.
C) remained about the same because the growth of black suburbs cancelled out African Americans' urban migration.
D) dropped by nearly 50 percent as African Americans migrated south for agricultural work.

E) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

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B

What was one unintended consequence of the federal government's program to relocate Native Americans?


A) A militant pan-Indian movement emerged two decades later.
B) Almost all Native Americans permanently moved from reservations to cities.
C) Native Americans migrated to the locations that had been World War II internment camps for Japanese Americans.
D) Native Americans experienced unprecedented financial prosperity.

E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Which of the following describes President Dwight D.Eisenhower's "middle way" politics in the early 1950s?


A) His domestic agenda and leadership style were guided by moderation.
B) He promised to share more of his duties with his liberal vice president.
C) He asked Congress to allocate half the U.S.budget to domestic concerns and the other half to fighting the Cold War.
D) He sought a middle ground between Democrats and Republicans by setting out to dismantle New Deal policy.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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What was one reason many Americans moved to the Sun Belt in the 1950s?


A) The growing expense of heating fuels,which made the warm climate more economical
B) Eisenhower's policy of termination,which freed up millions of acres of former Indian reservation land
C) The advent of air-conditioning,which made it possible to live and work in the region more comfortably
D) The move toward an automobile-based society,which made it easier for most people to move south and west

E) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

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Between 1950 and 1960,the percentage of American families with television sets grew from less than 10 percent to


A) 25 percent.
B) almost 50 percent.
C) 77 percent.
D) almost 90 percent.

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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"We regard the decision of the Supreme Court in the school cases as a clear abuse of judicial power.It climaxes a trend in the Federal judiciary undertaking to legislate ...and to encroach upon the reserved rights of the states and the people. The original Constitution does not mention education.Neither does the Fourteenth Amendment nor any amendment....The Supreme Court of the United States,with no legal basis for such action,undertook to exercise their naked judicial power and substituted their personal political and social ideas for the established law of the land. This unwarranted exercise of power by the court,contrary to the Constitution,is creating chaos and confusion in the states principally affected.It is destroying the amicable relations between the white and negro races that have been created through ninety years of patient effort by the good people of both races.... We pledge ourselves to use all lawful means to bring about a reversal of this decision which is contrary to the Constitution and to prevent the use of force in its implementation." What was one argument that the Southern Manifesto on Integration gave for challenging the Brown decision?


A) That the Warren Court had no jurisdiction over states' educational systems
B) That the decision would sour relations between northern and southern blacks
C) That the judges acted on their own beliefs rather than their judicial duties
D) That African Americans in the South strongly opposed integration

E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

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Why did many Cuban people support the uprising led by Fidel Castro against Fulgencio Batista in 1959?


A) They were charmed by Castro's charisma and swayed by his eloquence.
B) They had a strong desire for political and economic autonomy.
C) They believed that Batista had stolen the election from Castro in 1958.
D) They had a strong belief in capitalism as the best economic system.

E) B) and C)
F) None of the above

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How did the United States react to the Soviet Union's successful launch of Sputnik in 1957?


A) It cut funding for education and diverted it to the military.
B) It passed legislation providing support for students in math,foreign languages,science,and technology.
C) It initiated covert plans for the CIA to infiltrate the Soviet missile agency and steal its technology.
D) It initiated a plan for a satellite defense system to protect the United States and Western Europe from new Soviet weapons.

E) B) and D)
F) C) and D)

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What was President Eisenhower's most important and far-reaching domestic initiative?


A) The establishment of the Department of Health,Education,and Welfare
B) The passage of the Interstate Highway and Defense System Act of 1956
C) Funding for a huge increase in Social Security benefits
D) The most progressive civil rights bill since Reconstruction

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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President Eisenhower viewed communism in Vietnam as


A) a force that had to be stopped because the French,an important U.S.ally,wanted it stopped.
B) something his administration had to stamp out no matter what the costs.
C) a force that had to be stopped before it spread to Japan,Taiwan,and the Philippines.
D) a low-priority issue because Vietnam was in Southeast Asia and not in Eastern Europe.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Which of the following describes higher education in the United States between 1940 and 1960?


A) It became increasingly available to veterans,the middle class,and African Americans.
B) It was less expensive than before World War II but still available only to the privileged.
C) It was available for women of traditional college age but was not available to married women.
D) Because of major demographic changes,it became more available to women than to men.

E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

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