Question 1

What capacity gives scientific (empirical) reasoning an advantage over comparative reasoning and ideological reasoning?

Accepted Answer

The scientific community uses a process ...

Question 2

Which of the following primarily depends upon empirical reasoning?

Accepted Answer

A)   To those who would dismiss evolution as "only a theory," The National Center for Science Education Web site proposes this analogy: "Evolution is only a theory in the same way that Universal Gravity is only a theory."
B)   No animals capable of tool making, social interaction, and language deserve to be put in zoos or used for medical experiments. It follows that our treatment of chimpanzees is a deplorable and unethical violation of their basic rights.
C)   I know several people who believe that it is OK to cheat on their taxes just a little bit. Like not reporting all their cash income. Or, by padding their business travel expenses.
D)   The data show that the hypothesis that climate change is unrelated to human behavior is false.

Question 3

Replication studies (do overs) are used to verify that the observations and findings reported by the original scientist can be duplicated by other scientists working independently.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

Scientific inquiry, when executed by fair-minded, truth-seeking people with strong critical thinking skills and a positive critical thinking mindset, is exhaustively systematic and unwaveringly honest.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 5

The hypothesis that two phenomena are unrelated except perhaps by random chance is called ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   scientific foolishness
B)   the randomness conjecture
C)   the affirmation of chance
D)   the null hypothesis

Question 6

What is the scientific investigator's thinking and argument making responsibility when critiquing his or her own scientific findings?

Accepted Answer

Identify and describe any limitations of...

Question 7

What should happen if the empirical reasoning behind the research plan fails the test of non-circularity?

Accepted Answer

Ideally, if the empirical reasoning behi...

Question 8

Which of the following primarily depends upon empirical reasoning?

Accepted Answer

A)   Discovering the extent to which a star's gravity can warp light from a pulsar.
B)   Randolph knows that John Glenn was a senator. John Glenn was an astronaut. Therefore Randolph knows that John Glenn was an astronaut.
C)   The animal rights activists defended themselves by saying: "We did not steal any animals from the lab. We rescued those monkeys because they were the helpless victims of torture."
D)   Everyone loves ice cream. So don't try to tell me that Louis doesn't want to eat his ice cream. A

Question 9

After one scientist publishes the findings of an empirical investigation, other investigators may be expected to ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   vote on whether they agree or disagree with the findings
B)   attempt to replicate the scientific findings independently
C)   use metaphors and analogies to describe how they feel about the work
D)   cite authoritative sources to argue that the findings cannot possibly be correct

Question 10

When engaging in empirical reasoning, the argument maker ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   must have reasons to back up the ideological premises
B)   allows experts to attempt to sway his or her opinion
C)   takes the hypothesis on faith
D)   strives to be exhaustively systematic D

Question 11

Empirical reasoning is fundamentally inductive, _______________, and open to scrutiny and independent verification by the entire scientific community.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Empirical reasoning is fundamentally inductive, _______________, and...

Question 12

The peer review process is designed to screen out research that violates ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   one or more of the four tests of the worthiness of an argument.
B)   the truths embodied in the Constitution and other legal documents.
C)   the religious faith of the scientists and the community at large.
D)   one or more of rules of professional scientific conduct.
E)   the economic interests of the organization that is sponsoring the research.

Question 13

The null hypothesis is an empirically testable claim that two phenomena are entirely unrelated except perhaps by __________________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The null hypothesis is an empirically testable...

Question 14

Science is complex. Errors can occur. Does this mean that we should not trust published research?

Accepted Answer

With all the checks and balances, especi...

Question 15

Which mode of reasoning comes into play when seeking to explain and to predict natural phenomena?

Accepted Answer

A)   empirical
B)   comparative
C)   pragmatic
D)   ideological

Question 16

When applied to empirical reasoning the Test of Logical Strength is partly addressed by the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   citation of credible experts
B)   accuracy of the measurements made and the descriptions of the investigatory conditions
C)   mutual trust and scientific consensus achieved at professional meetings
D)   reliance on comparative reasoning to suggest productive models and hypotheses
E)   the use of statistical analyses and the steps in the scientific research design

Question 17

What is another term for empirical reasoning?

Accepted Answer

A)   pro-and-con thinking
B)   give-and-take thinking
C)   this-is-like-that thinking
D)   scientific thinking
E)   top-down thinking

Question 18

When a criminal investigator gathers evidence that demonstrates that the suspect could not have committed the crime, the investigator is engaged in what kind of reasoning?

Accepted Answer

A)   comparative
B)   ideological
C)   empirical
D)   causal
E)   correlational

Question 19

Characterizing empirical reasoning as inductive means that ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   the conclusions of empirical arguments are presented as certain
B)   the premises of empirical arguments are presented as true
C)   the persuasiveness of empirical reasoning is not open to doubt
D)   the conclusions reached by empirical reasoning are probabilistic

Question 20

What is the scientific investigator's thinking and argument making responsibility when forming a hypothesis that describes what we can expect to happen under certain conditions?

Accepted Answer

Explain what all the...

Exam 14: Empirical Reasoning

What capacity gives scientific (empirical) reasoning an advantage over comparative reasoning and ideological reasoning?

Correct AnswerverifiedThe scientific community uses a process ...View AnswerShow Answer

Which of the following primarily depends upon empirical reasoning?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Replication studies (do overs) are used to verify that the observations and findings reported by the original scientist can be duplicated by other scientists working independently.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Scientific inquiry, when executed by fair-minded, truth-seeking people with strong critical thinking skills and a positive critical thinking mindset, is exhaustively systematic and unwaveringly honest.

Correct AnswerverifiedTrue

The hypothesis that two phenomena are unrelated except perhaps by random chance is called ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What is the scientific investigator's thinking and argument making responsibility when critiquing his or her own scientific findings?

Correct AnswerverifiedIdentify and describe any limitations of...View AnswerShow Answer

What should happen if the empirical reasoning behind the research plan fails the test of non-circularity?

Correct AnswerverifiedIdeally, if the empirical reasoning behi...View AnswerShow Answer

Which of the following primarily depends upon empirical reasoning?

Correct AnswerverifiedA

After one scientist publishes the findings of an empirical investigation, other investigators may be expected to ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When engaging in empirical reasoning, the argument maker ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedD

Empirical reasoning is fundamentally inductive, _______________, and open to scrutiny and independent verification by the entire scientific community.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The peer review process is designed to screen out research that violates ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The null hypothesis is an empirically testable claim that two phenomena are entirely unrelated except perhaps by __________________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Science is complex. Errors can occur. Does this mean that we should not trust published research?

Correct AnswerverifiedWith all the checks and balances, especi...View AnswerShow Answer

Which mode of reasoning comes into play when seeking to explain and to predict natural phenomena?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When applied to empirical reasoning the Test of Logical Strength is partly addressed by the ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What is another term for empirical reasoning?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When a criminal investigator gathers evidence that demonstrates that the suspect could not have committed the crime, the investigator is engaged in what kind of reasoning?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Characterizing empirical reasoning as inductive means that ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What is the scientific investigator's thinking and argument making responsibility when forming a hypothesis that describes what we can expect to happen under certain conditions?

Correct AnswerverifiedExplain what all the...View AnswerShow Answer

Correct Answer
verified
The scientific community uses a process ...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified
True

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified
Identify and describe any limitations of...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified
Ideally, if the empirical reasoning behi...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified
A

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified
D

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified
With all the checks and balances, especi...
View Answer

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified
Explain what all the...
View Answer