Question 1

John Bowlby argued that

Accepted Answer

A)  behaviors such as smiling,babbling,and crying are innate social signals that encourage parents to interact with their infants.
B)  infants become attached to their parents because parents are associated with the reduction of primary drives,such as hunger and thirst.
C)  parents and infants are both instinctively attached to each other.
D)  attachment patterns are difficult to study in humans.

Question 2

Which of the following questions would an information-processing theorist ask?

Accepted Answer

A)  How do unconscious drives contribute to personality development?
B)  How do cultural values shape development?
C)  Are declines in memory during old age evident on all types of tasks or only some?
D)  Why are some individuals more aggressive than others?

Question 3

A(n) _______________ design permits inferences about cause and effect.

Accepted Answer

A)  structured
B)  observational
C)  experimental
D)  correlational

Question 4

Jackson,a professional baseball player,is convinced that his two sons will both be outstanding athletes.Jackson probably believes that athletic ability is mostly determined by

Accepted Answer

A)  nurture.
B)  stages.
C)  early experiences.
D)  nature.

Question 5

Kim is interested in comparing the language development of shy versus outgoing preschoolers.Kim is most likely interested in ______________ that shape development.

Accepted Answer

A)  genetic factors
B)  the contexts
C)  therapeutic techniques
D)  historical factors

Question 6

The ______________ variable is the one the investigator expects to cause changes in another variable.

Accepted Answer

A)  correlational
B)  independent
C)  dependent
D)  coefficient

Question 7

Dr.Kostel believes that development takes place in stages.This belief is consistent with the _________ perspective.

Accepted Answer

A)  nurture
B)  continuous
C)  discontinuous
D)  nature

Question 8

Professor Pedagogy's research shows that participation in extracurricular activities is correlated with grades in school.Based on this study's findings,what can Professor Pedagogy conclude?

Accepted Answer

A)  Participation in extracurricular activities causes grade differences.
B)  Grades cause differences in participation in extracurricular activities.
C)  Participation in extracurricular activities is related to grades.
D)  A third variable,such as intelligence,is causing both participation in extracurricular activities and grade differences.

Question 9

Research on Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory indicates that

Accepted Answer

A)  he overestimated the competencies of infants and young children.
B)  he overemphasized the role of social and cultural influences on development.
C)  discovery learning facilitates learning better than adult teaching.
D)  children's performances on Piagetian tasks can be improved with training.

Question 10

Describe the similarities and differences between Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory and Vygotsky's sociocultural theory.

Accepted Answer

Piaget did not regard direct teaching by...

Question 11

According to ___________ theory,children learn primarily through modeling.

Accepted Answer

A)  reinforcement
B)  operant conditioning
C)  social learning
D)  classical conditioning

Question 12

History-graded influences explain why ___________ tend to be alike in ways that set them apart from people born at other times.

Accepted Answer

A)  siblings
B)  coworkers
C)  cohorts
D)  friends

Question 13

To overcome some of the limitations of traditional developmental designs,investigators sometimes use

Accepted Answer

A)  longitudinal studies.
B)  correlational research.
C)  sequential designs.
D)  cross-sectional designs.

Question 14

__________ is concerned with the adaptive value of behavior and its evolutionary history.

Accepted Answer

A)  Ethology
B)  Developmental cognitive theory
C)  Social learning theory
D)  Psychoanalytic theory

Question 15

One limitation of the ethnographic method is

Accepted Answer

A)  investigators' cultural values sometimes lead them to misinterpret what they see.
B)  it provides little information on how children and adults actually behave.
C)  it relies on unobtrusive techniques,such as surveillance cameras and one-way mirrors.
D)  it provides little information about the reasoning behind participants' responses.

Question 16

Research that combines ____________ and ______________ designs is increasingly common because it permits correlational and causal inferences.

Accepted Answer

A)  longitudinal;sequential
B)  experimental;developmental
C)  cross-sectional;developmental
D)  correlational;experimental

Question 17

Within the ________________ view of development,new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times.

Accepted Answer

A)  discontinuous
B)  nature
C)  continuous
D)  nurture

Question 18

A major limitation of systematic observation is that it

Accepted Answer

A)  provides little information on how participants actually behave.
B)  underestimates the capacities of individuals who have difficulty putting their thoughts into words.
C)  tells investigators little about the reasoning behind responses and behaviors.
D)  ignores participants with poor memories,who may have trouble recalling exactly what happened.

Question 19

One limitation of longitudinal research is that participants' performance may improve as a result of

Accepted Answer

A)  biased sampling.
B)  random assignment.
C)  practice effects.
D)  cohort effects.

Question 20

In an experiment on the effects of music versus acting lessons on intelligence,the independent variable would be

Accepted Answer

A)  the type of lessons (music versus acting) .
B)  a measure of intelligence.
C)  the type of music lessons.
D)  the frequency of the acting lessons.

Exam 1: History, theory, and Research Strategies

In an experiment on the effects of music versus acting lessons on intelligence,the independent variable would be

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Research that combines ____________ and ______________ designs is increasingly common because it permits correlational and causal inferences.

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John Bowlby argued that

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The ______________ variable is the one the investigator expects to cause changes in another variable.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

To overcome some of the limitations of traditional developmental designs,investigators sometimes use

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Within the ________________ view of development,new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Jackson,a professional baseball player,is convinced that his two sons will both be outstanding athletes.Jackson probably believes that athletic ability is mostly determined by

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Kim is interested in comparing the language development of shy versus outgoing preschoolers.Kim is most likely interested in ______________ that shape development.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

__________ is concerned with the adaptive value of behavior and its evolutionary history.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

History-graded influences explain why ___________ tend to be alike in ways that set them apart from people born at other times.

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Dr.Kostel believes that development takes place in stages.This belief is consistent with the _________ perspective.

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Describe the similarities and differences between Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory and Vygotsky's sociocultural theory.

Correct AnswerverifiedPiaget did not regard direct teaching by...View AnswerShow Answer

One limitation of longitudinal research is that participants' performance may improve as a result of

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One limitation of the ethnographic method is

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A(n) _______________ design permits inferences about cause and effect.

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Research on Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory indicates that

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A major limitation of systematic observation is that it

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Which of the following questions would an information-processing theorist ask?

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Professor Pedagogy's research shows that participation in extracurricular activities is correlated with grades in school.Based on this study's findings,what can Professor Pedagogy conclude?

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According to ___________ theory,children learn primarily through modeling.

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Research that combines and __ designs is increasingly common because it permits correlational and causal inferences.

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Piaget did not regard direct teaching by...
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