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George Bernard Shaw's legacy of a witty,unsentimental,and fiercely intelligent verbal style has never been matched by other playwrights.

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Of all the isms,expressionism has given rise to the most significant body of modern theatre.

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In Six Characters in Search of an Author,Pirandello uses theatricality itself as a theme of human existence to show that


A) everyday life is beset by the eternal confusion between appearance and reality.
B) the theatre holds the only reality and should be paid more attention.
C) ultimate truth is highly attainable.
D) the theatre has no real power over relationships and politics.

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Which of the following is true of symbolism?


A) Through images and metaphors,symbolism explores the inner realities which cannot be directly or literally perceived.
B) Symbolism exposes the social injustices of the working classes.
C) Symbolism tests the limits of language and acting demands.
D) Symbolism is not concerned with art at all,but with materialism.

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Which of the following statements accurately captures the symbolist opposition to realism?


A) In order to subvert realism,symbolist writers attempted to draw characters more true to life than reality.
B) The symbolists saw realism as spiritually bankrupt and wanted to replace it with traditional aesthetic values.
C) In order to assault the dimensions of lived reality,symbolist drama creates a "miniature" theatre event by employing plays-within-the-plays acted by puppets.
D) In protest against realistic set and stage design,symbolist sets did away with all props and furniture on the stage.

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Characters in symbolist drama represent true-to-life individuals.

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The term avant-garde means,literally,"the major assault" or "shock troops."

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The constructivist who broke with Stanislavsky's style of realist performance to create a "biomechanical" style of acting and direction was


A) Wendy Wasserstein.
B) Ionesco.
C) Bertolt Brecht.
D) Vsevold Meyerhold.

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Imagine you are directing King Lear by Shakespeare and you wanted to stage it as theatre of the absurd.Write a one- to two-page concept statement covering all the theatrical elements to start a dialogue with your design team.

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Concept Statement: King Lear as Theatre ...

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Which famously witty playwright-also a social reformer,street orator,essayist,and prodigious letter writer-used the stage as a vehicle for ideas by emphasizing dialogue that led to a superhuman verbal cascading?


A) Alfred Jarry
B) Jean Genet
C) Luigi Pirandello
D) George Bernard Shaw

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Which of the following antirealist movements dominated the theatre during the Cold War era?


A) theatre of alienation
B) theatre of cruelty
C) the intellectual comedy
D) symbolism

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Verfremdung is a German word meaning


A) "absurdity."
B) "alienation or distancing."
C) "monologue."
D) "existential truth."

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Which type of drama,in vogue in Germany during the first two decades of the century,features shocking and gutsy dialogue,boldly exaggerated scenery,piercing sounds,bright lights,an abundance of primary colors,and heightened use of symbols?


A) impressionism
B) theatre of cruelty
C) expressionism
D) theatre of the absurd

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Explain how The Hairy Ape shows expressionist principles,and how these principles add to the themes of the play.

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The Hairy Ape, written by Eugene O'Neill...

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This theatre attempted to repudiate realistic conventions through stagecraft that called attention to its own artificiality and a didactic performance style that required the actor to "demonstrate," rather than "integrate with," his character.


A) Brecht's theatre of alienation
B) Artaud's theatre of cruelty
C) Pirandello's metatheatre
D) Beckett's realism

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This play presents a parable without a message,revealing a paradigm of human condition in which characters exchange songs,accounts of dreams,and try to make the best of a hopeless situation.


A) Sartre's No Exit
B) Beckett's Waiting for Godot
C) Jarry's Ubu Roi
D) Maeterlinck's The Intruder

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Happy Days is a play about two tramps waiting for a happier day and ends very happily.

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In the preface to his The Theater and Its Double,Artaud states that "to break through language in order to touch life is to create or recreate the theater." Starting with this quote,explore Artaud's relationship to the spoken and written word.Take a traditional play that you have already studied,such as Prometheus Bound,The Castle of Perseverance,or Romeo and Juliet and explain how it could be staged in the style of the theatre of cruelty.Think of how you would want the playwright's words communicated to your audience.

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Artaud's quote reflects his belief that ...

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Because it ritualizes humanity's permanent condition,a play like Happy Days would be considered an example of "holy" theatre and is almost a one-woman show.

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Brecht's "alienation effect" attempts to bring the audience closer to the inner lives of the characters.

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