Question 1

One suggestion regarding the roles of dopamine and opioids in the brain is that:

Accepted Answer

A)   dopamine is involved in "wanting" a drug, whereas opioids are involved in "liking" a drug.
B)   opioids are involved in "wanting" a drug, whereas dopamine is involved in "liking" a drug.
C)   dopamine and opioids are both involved in "wanting" a drug.
D)   dopamine and opioids are both involved in "liking" a drug.

Question 2

If an individual is restricted from performing a specific behavior, in an attempt to make an opportunity to perform this behavior more enticing, the use of the restricted behavior as a reinforcer is known as:

Accepted Answer

A)   free-operant paradigm.
B)   response deprivation.
C)   operant conditioning.
D)   classical conditioning.

Question 3

Which statement is an example of how discriminative stimuli can encourage cheating?

Accepted Answer

A)   A child who makes silly faces during class is reprimanded by the teacher, but his classmates tell him how funny he is.
B)   A teenager is punished for swearing at home but still swears when she is with her friends at school.
C)   A drug user is given a warning for his first offense and jail time if he repeats the offense.
D)   A politician who is exposed for illegally obtaining money one way will then find another way to obtain the money.

Question 4

In the case of Thorndike's cats learning to escape from a puzzle box, the stimulus (S)  was _____ and the response (R)  was _____.

Accepted Answer

A)   their movements that opened the door; escaping and getting food
B)   escaping and getting food; the box
C)   the box; their movements that opened the door
D)   escaping and getting food; their movements that opened the door

Question 5

_____ expresses that, if an organism has the option to perform, highly frequent behavior can reinforce a less frequent behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)   Response deprivation
B)   Preference response
C)   The matching law of choice
D)   The Premack principle

Question 6

According to the Premack principle, if a teenager would rather go shopping than clean her room:

Accepted Answer

A)   her desire to clean her room will be increased by restricting her access to going shopping.
B)   her desire to go shopping will be increased by restricting her access to cleaning her room.
C)   allowing her to go shopping could be used as a reward for cleaning her room.
D)   cleaning her room could be used as a reward for going shopping.

Question 7

Which statement demonstrates the free-operant paradigm?

Accepted Answer

A)   After reaching the end of a maze, a rat is returned to the starting point by the experimenter.
B)   When a cat escapes from a puzzle box, the experimenter puts the cat back in.
C)   A rat in a Skinner box can press a bar at any time to receive food.
D)   After reaching the end of a maze, a rat is put back inside its home cage.

Question 8

Which is an example of a primary reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A)   money
B)   praises
C)   grades
D)   food

Question 9

Which statement demonstrates the use of a token economy to encourage good behavior in school children?

Accepted Answer

A)   giving children praise whenever they are behaving well
B)   making children stay after school when they misbehave
C)   awarding children successively more privileges for longer periods of good behavior
D)   awarding children points for good behavior, which they can exchange at the end of the day for small toys

Question 10

Which statement is TRUE about punishment?

Accepted Answer

A)   There is a general agreement that it is an ineffective way to change a behavior.
B)   It is considered a good way to change behavior, regardless of how it is used.
C)   It is most effective when one begins with a weak punishment and gradually works up to a stronger punishment.
D)   Its effects can be counteracted if the punished behavior is simultaneously being reinforced.

Question 11

Which item is an example of a secondary reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A)   money
B)   food
C)   sleep
D)   sex

Question 12

The major difference between an individual who uses cocaine weekly and tried to stop and can't and an individual that skydives weekly and can't stop is that:

Accepted Answer

A)   they both have a bad habit and can't stop it.
B)   the first individual is experiencing a pathological addiction, while the second individual is experiencing a behavioral addiction.
C)   both individuals are seeking a "high," but the skydiver isn't worried about becoming addicted.
D)   There is no difference-both individuals are suffering from a type of dysfunction.

Question 13

What is the main difference between classical and operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A)   Operant conditioning shows extinction but classical conditioning does not.
B)   Classical conditioning shows extinction but operant conditioning does not.
C)   In operant conditioning, the outcome depends on the response, while, in classical conditioning, the outcome occurs, regardless of the response.
D)   In classical conditioning, the outcome depends on the response, while, in operant conditioning, the outcome occurs, regardless of the response.

Question 14

If one blocks dopamine in an amphetamine user, one would expect that it would:

Accepted Answer

A)   increase pleasurable feelings from the drug.
B)   suppress pleasurable feelings from the drug.
C)   suppress cravings for the drug.
D)   increase cravings for the drug.

Question 15

What part of the brain is responsible for making an individual feel bad for not being picked to play in the basketball game?

Accepted Answer

A)   the insular cortex
B)   the frontal cortex
C)   the dACC
D)   the orbitofrontal cortex

Question 16

The process by which an organism learns to produce a specific response in order to avoid or obtain an outcome is:

Accepted Answer

A)   observing.
B)   learning.
C)   operant conditioning.
D)   classical conditioning.

Question 17

The incentive salience hypothesis says that dopamine:

Accepted Answer

A)   gives food its "goodness" qualities.
B)   is involved in predicting future rewards.
C)   provides organisms with the motivation to work for reinforcement.
D)   reduces the ability of an organism to enjoy food and other rewards.

Question 18

Suppose a child whines continuously until his parents give him a cookie. The cookie would be _____ of the child's behavior of whining.

Accepted Answer

A)   positive reinforcement
B)   positive punishment
C)   negative reinforcement
D)   negative punishment

Question 19

In what way does operant conditioning differ from classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A)   In classical conditioning, learning is fastest during the early trials, while, in operant conditioning, learning is fastest during the later trials.
B)   In classical conditioning, the consequence arrives regardless of the animal's behavior, while, in operant conditioning, it only arrives once the animal has made a response.
C)   Classical conditioning can be used to train animals to make responses they would not normally make; operant conditioning cannot be used to do this.
D)   Extinction occurs in classical conditioning but not in operant conditioning.

Question 20

Which item is an example of a primary reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A)   money
B)   praise
C)   water
D)   grades

Exam 5: Operant Conditioning:

In what way does operant conditioning differ from classical conditioning?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What part of the brain is responsible for making an individual feel bad for not being picked to play in the basketball game?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which statement is an example of how discriminative stimuli can encourage cheating?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which statement demonstrates the free-operant paradigm?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In the case of Thorndike's cats learning to escape from a puzzle box, the stimulus (S) was _____ and the response (R) was _____.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which item is an example of a primary reinforcer?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which statement demonstrates the use of a token economy to encourage good behavior in school children?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What is the main difference between classical and operant conditioning?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which statement is TRUE about punishment?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The major difference between an individual who uses cocaine weekly and tried to stop and can't and an individual that skydives weekly and can't stop is that:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The incentive salience hypothesis says that dopamine:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

_____ expresses that, if an organism has the option to perform, highly frequent behavior can reinforce a less frequent behavior.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The process by which an organism learns to produce a specific response in order to avoid or obtain an outcome is:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

One suggestion regarding the roles of dopamine and opioids in the brain is that:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

If an individual is restricted from performing a specific behavior, in an attempt to make an opportunity to perform this behavior more enticing, the use of the restricted behavior as a reinforcer is known as:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Suppose a child whines continuously until his parents give him a cookie. The cookie would be _____ of the child's behavior of whining.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

If one blocks dopamine in an amphetamine user, one would expect that it would:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to the Premack principle, if a teenager would rather go shopping than clean her room:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which is an example of a primary reinforcer?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which item is an example of a secondary reinforcer?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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In the case of Thorndike's cats learning to escape from a puzzle box, the stimulus (S) was _ and the response (R) was _.

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