A) They are bound to the surface of B lymphocytes and have two antigen- binding sites.
B) They are complementary in shape to a specific antigenic determinant that they may or may not encounter.
C) Scientists estimate that each person forms at least 1011 different types of B lymphocytes with distinct BCRs.
D) They are formed in response to an encounter with an antigen.
E) Each B lymphocyte is randomly generated with antibody variable regions that determine its BCR.
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A) cytoplasmic membranes of nucleated cells.
B) the skin.
C) professional antigen- presenting cells.
D) red blood cells.
E) muscle.
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A) proteins the body produces against invading substances.
B) proteins on the surface of our cells to which pathogens attach.
C) enzymes secreted to destroy a pathogen's cell wall.
D) specific molecules, or parts of molecules, that the body recognizes as foreign.
E) cells that protect the body against invaders.
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A) the thymus
B) the liver
C) the bone marrow
D) both the bone marrow and the spleen
E) the spleen
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A) T lymphocytes that respond to autoantigens in the thymus undergo clonal deletion.
B) Clonal deletion of T cells and regulatory T cell suppression prevent autoreactive T cell activation.
C) Regulatory T cells suppress autoimmune responses.
D) T lymphocytes require a specific set of cytokine signals to become activated.
E) Clonal deletion of T cells, lack of necessary cytokine signals, and regulatory T cell suppression prevent activation of autoreactive T cells.
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A) appendix.
B) spleen.
C) lymph nodes of the groin.
D) lymph nodes of the neck (cervical) .
E) lymph nodes of the armpit (axilla) .
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A) artificially acquired passive immunity
B) artificially acquired active immunity
C) naturally acquired passive immunity
D) innate immunity
E) naturally acquired active immunity
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A) Cytotoxic T lymphocytes do not require antigen presentation to become activated.
B) Cytotoxic T lymphocytes kill by producing hydrogen peroxide.
C) A single cytotoxic T lymphocyte can kill many target cells.
D) Cytotoxic T lymphocytes interact with antibodies that have bound antigen to identify their target.
E) Helper T lymphocytes have no role in the activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
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A) There are three types of T lymphocytes.
B) T lymphocytes are called such because they mature in the thymus.
C) T lymphocytes have TCRs that recognize antigen only if it is bound to MHC.
D) T lymphocytes produce antibody molecules.
E) T lymphocytes directly attack cells and produce the cell- mediated immune response.
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A) chemokines
B) alpha interferon
C) IL- 12
D) tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
E) IL- 4 (interleukin- 4)
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A) the appendix
B) the spleen
C) lymphoid tissue in the respiratory tract
D) Peyer's patches
E) lymphoid tissue in the small intestine
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