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Exam 26: Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

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Question 41

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The following phylogeny shows six living species (a-f) and five ancestral (now extinct) species (#1-5) . If the phylogeny had been developed on the basis of similarities in bone structure, which of the following predictions would you make in terms of the structure of a particular enzyme?

A) The enzymes of species b and f are very similar.
B) The enzymes of species b and c are more similar to ancestor #4 than to ancestor 2
C) The enzymes of species a and b are the same as that of ancestor #2.
D) The enzyme of species c is very similar to that of species d.

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Question 42

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Which of the following statements about horizontal gene transfer is accurate?

A) Horizontal gene transfer was quite common in the early stages of evolution of life on Earth.
B) Horizontal gene transfer among organisms does not occur today.
C) Horizontal gene transfer moves only genes that play a role in metabolism.
D) Horizontal gene transfer occurs only among closely related organisms.

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Question 43

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The following question refers to the following phylogenetic trees. Which tree depicts the closest relationship between zygomycetes and chytrids?

A phylogenetic tree is shown for the three domains of life (Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria) . The tree branches in two directions from the first point, labeled Common ancestor of all life. One branch leads in the direction of Eukarya and Archaea, and the other branch leads to Bacteria. The branch leading to Eukarya and Archaea divide, one branch leading to each domain. The branch leading to Eukarya divides into four branches. One leads to Euglenozoans, and the other three lead to branching points. The first leads to Forams in one direction, and another branching point in the other that leads to Diatoms and Ciliates. The second branching point leads to Red algae in one direction, and a branching point that leads to green algae and land plants in the other direction. The third branching point leads to amoebas in one direction, and a branching point that leads to fungi and animals in the other direction. Land plants, Fungi and Animals are all highlighted. Examine the figure. If you were a graduate student trying to develop a thesis project that would resolve polytomies, which of the following groups would you study?

Use the following figure and description to answer the question. Humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans are members of a clade called the great apes, which shared a common ancestor about 15 million years ago. Gibbons and siamangs comprise a clade called the lesser apes. Tree-branch lengths indicate elapsed time. Assuming chimps and gorillas are humans' closest relatives, removing humans from the great ape clade and placing them in a different clade has the effect of making the phylogenetic tree of the great apes ________.

Concerning growth in genome size over evolutionary time, which of these is least associated with the others?

In a comparison of birds and mammals, having four limbs is ________.

Imagine that you discovered the following information:

Molecular clocks are more reliable when ________.

Which of the following statements is accurate with regard to a phylogeny, as represented by a phylogenetic tree?

If you were using cladistics to build a phylogenetic tree of cats, which of the following would be the best outgroup?

To apply parsimony to constructing a phylogenetic tree,

If you were using cladistics to build a phylogenetic tree of cats, which of the following would be the best outgroup?

If organisms A, B, and C belong to the same class but to different orders and if organisms C, D, and E belong to the same order but to different families, which of the following pairs of organisms would be expected to show the greatest degree of structural homology?

In the phylogenetic trees, numbers represent species, and the same species are shown in both trees. Which two species are represented as sister species in Tree 2 but are not shown as sister species in Tree 1?