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Psychologists have conducted research on implicit measures of gender stereotyping. This research shows that people typically respond in a stereotyped fashion


A) on a measure of event-related potential and on the Implicit Association Test.
B) on a measure of event-related potential, but not on the Implicit Association Test.
C) on the Implicit Association Test, but not on a measure of event-related potential.
D) on neither a measure of event-related potential nor on the Implicit Association Test.

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Which of the following is an example of a subordinate-level category?


A) Apple Macintosh computer
B) Computer
C) Electronic devices
D) Things you find in an office

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According to the parallel distributed processing approach to semantic memory,


A) concepts are linked together in a chain, and activation can move down that chain while we are thinking about this concept.
B) several patterns of activation can proceed at the same time.
C) when we think about a particular concept, the nonprototypes are activated at the exact same time as the prototypes.
D) each concept is associated with 10-12 stable attributes that do not change.

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The parallel distributed processing approach would be most closely affiliated with which of the following approaches to semantic memory?


A) Network models
B) The prototype approach
C) The exemplar approach
D) The schema approach

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The category "furniture" is a


A) prototype.
B) superordinate-level category.
C) basic-level category.
D) subordinate-level category.

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The exemplar approach to concepts suggests that our categories are based on


A) the most typical items.
B) less typical items as well as highly typical items.
C) family resemblance.
D) the pattern of connections between the members of a category.

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The pragmatic view of memory proposes that


A) people typically pay attention to the gist of a story; however, if they realize that exact wording is important, they are likely to emphasize verbatim recall.
B) people are more concerned with the politeness of a message than with its grammatical structure or the specific meaning in that message.
C) people realize that researchers are going to be testing verbatim recall, so they pay much more attention to the specific words than they do in real-life situations.
D) we tend to remember schema-inconsistent material more accurately than schema-consistent material.

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If you are buying concert tickets at a box office, there are certain procedures and interactions that occur in a standard fashion. This sequence of events is known as


A) a script.
B) parallel distributed processing.
C) family resemblance.
D) an inference.

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Research on the idea of "family resemblance" has demonstrated that


A) in a family resemblance category, there must be at least one attribute that is shared by all examples of that concept.
B) a prototype is equivalent to a family resemblance category.
C) in a family resemblance category, each example has at least one attribute in common with some other example of the concept.
D) family resemblance categories are artificial, and they are found more often in the laboratory than in real life.

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What is the current status of the parallel distributed processing approach?


A) It was popular when the Atkinson-Shiffrin model was judged to be too rigid, but it is no longer prominent.
B) Research shows that it has no neurological support.
C) Many cognitive psychologists are hopeful that PDP research may provide important links between psychology and neuroscience.
D) It is so limited in scope that it probably will not remain popular for long.

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According to the network models of semantic memory,


A) activation expands from the node that has been activated, extending outward to other related nodes.
B) only a small number of nodes are connected with other nodes
C) nonprototypes are just as important as prototypes.
D) each item is compared with a prototype to determine the category to which it belongs.

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One of the major ideas behind the parallel distributed processing approach to memory is that


A) if one piece of information is missing, we cannot continue to perform the task.
B) our memory for individuals is stored in terms of a hierarchy, from the most general to the most specific information.
C) we can show spontaneous generalization, figuring out information about a group of people, based on information about the individual members of that group.
D) general knowledge is stored in sensory memory and working memory, rather than in long-term memory.

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In the parallel distributed processing approach, the concept called "spontaneous generalization" means that


A) the connection weights determine the level of activation that is passed between the nodes in a network.
B) we make generalizations, based on a fairly large number of exemplars.
C) we can use individual cases to draw conclusions about some general information.
D) experts store information in nodes, whereas novices store them in individual neurons.

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According to John Anderson's theories of semantic memory and other aspects of cognitive processes,


A) each of the components of cognition operates independently.
B) every concept in a proposition can be represented by a network of connections.
C) the term spreading activation refers to our knowledge about facts and things.
D) each item in semantic memory is listed according to its appropriate graded structure.

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Which of the following is the best example of a single proposition?


A) Actor Alan Rickman portrayed "Snape" in the Harry Potter movies.
B) Author Dean Koontz has written many best-selling suspense novels.
C) The Chicago Cubs baseball team play in ivy-covered Wrigley Field.
D) Peter Dinklage is an actor.

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The parallel distributed processing approach to memory accounts for the way people make default assignments. If you were to make a default assignment about a woman you do not know very well, you might


A) assume that she is guilty of a crime, even if she is not.
B) insist that you heard information about her, even if you did not.
C) forget relevant information that you actually heard about her.
D) believe that she is fairly sophisticated, because she comes from a large city.

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Suppose that some research participants are asked to remember a story. Furthermore, this story contains some particularly vivid and surprising material that is not consistent with a standard schema. The participants would be most likely


A) to show spreading activation to schema-inconsistent material.
B) to emphasize prototypical information.
C) to prefer scripts to schemas.
D) to recall the schema-inconsistent material.

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Suppose you are thinking about a male student whom you met during your first year of college. You can recall that he knew your high school English teacher, that he didn't like his roommate, that he was average height and weight, and he wore glasses-but you cannot remember his name. This situation is an example of


A) graceful degradation.
B) spontaneous generalization.
C) serial processing.
D) default assignment.

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A basic principle that lies at the core of the parallel distributed processing approach is that


A) we cannot remember information unless it has been recently processed.
B) the longer something remains in memory, the more likely it is to be forgotten.
C) neuron-like units are connected with each other by a system of networks.
D) material that we acquired intentionally will be retained better than material acquired by incidental learning.

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Suppose that you attend a lecture in which a psychologist says, "Memory is created by gathering together and integrating information from a variety of sources. After a memory has been formed, we cannot accurately recall the source of each memory component." This speaker would be most likely to endorse the ______________ view of memory.


A) constructive
B) boundary-extension
C) exemplar
D) pragmatic

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