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An isotope with a high value of N/Z will tend to decay through


A) α decay.
B) β decay.
C) positron decay.
D) electron capture.
E) γ decay.

F) C) and D)
G) B) and C)

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The 14C activity of some ancient Peruvian corn was found to be 10 disintegrations per minute per gram of carbon. If present-day plant life shows 15 dpm/g, how old is the Peruvian corn? (The half-life of 14C is 5730 yr.)


A) 1460 yr
B) 1910 yr
C) 3350 yr
D) 3820 yr
E) 9080 yr

F) All of the above
G) B) and D)

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In the equation below, what particle or type of radiation needs to be included to balance the equation? 234Th → ? + beta particle


A) Ac-234
B) Pa-234
C) Ac-235
D) Pa-235
E) Ac-233

F) B) and C)
G) None of the above

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Which type of radiation is the least dangerous to humans?


A) Positrons
B) Neutrons
C) Alpha
D) Beta
E) Gamma

F) None of the above
G) B) and E)

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Alpha particles are identical to


A) protons.
B) helium atoms.
C) hydrogen atoms.
D) helium nuclei.
E) electrons.

F) C) and D)
G) B) and C)

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What is the nuclear process called where small nuclei are combined into larger ones?


A) Photonuclear reactions
B) Nuclear fission
C) Thermal conductivity
D) Nuclear combination
E) Nuclear fusion

F) A) and B)
G) A) and C)

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Which equation correctly represents electron capture by the Which equation correctly represents electron capture by the   nucleus? A)    B)    C)    D)    E)   nucleus?


A) Which equation correctly represents electron capture by the   nucleus? A)    B)    C)    D)    E)
B) Which equation correctly represents electron capture by the   nucleus? A)    B)    C)    D)    E)
C) Which equation correctly represents electron capture by the   nucleus? A)    B)    C)    D)    E)
D) Which equation correctly represents electron capture by the   nucleus? A)    B)    C)    D)    E)
E) Which equation correctly represents electron capture by the   nucleus? A)    B)    C)    D)    E)

F) All of the above
G) A) and D)

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Which isotope, when bombarded with nitrogen-15, yields four neutrons and the artificial isotope dubnium-260?


A) Californium-245
B) Thorium-257
C) Nobelium-245
D) Californium-249
E) Dubnium-249

F) A) and E)
G) A) and D)

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What is the energy equivalent of 1 amu? (c = 2.99792458 × 108 m/s)


A) 5.0 × 10-19 J
B) 5.4 × 1043 J
C) 6.6 × 109 J
D) 1.5 × 10-10 J

E) None of the above
F) A) and D)

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Identify the missing species in the following nuclear transmutation. U-238 + ? → 1 neutron + Fm-249


A) Identify the missing species in the following nuclear transmutation. U-238 + ? → 1 neutron + Fm-249 A)    B)    C)    D)    E)
B) Identify the missing species in the following nuclear transmutation. U-238 + ? → 1 neutron + Fm-249 A)    B)    C)    D)    E)
C) Identify the missing species in the following nuclear transmutation. U-238 + ? → 1 neutron + Fm-249 A)    B)    C)    D)    E)
D) Identify the missing species in the following nuclear transmutation. U-238 + ? → 1 neutron + Fm-249 A)    B)    C)    D)    E)
E) Identify the missing species in the following nuclear transmutation. U-238 + ? → 1 neutron + Fm-249 A)    B)    C)    D)    E)

F) C) and D)
G) B) and D)

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A bottle of vintage red wine has lost its label. The concentration of tritium ( A bottle of vintage red wine has lost its label. The concentration of tritium (   ) in the wine is 0.34 times that found in freshly bottled wines. If the half-life of tritium is 12.3 years, estimate the time elapsed since the wine was bottled. ) in the wine is 0.34 times that found in freshly bottled wines. If the half-life of tritium is 12.3 years, estimate the time elapsed since the wine was bottled.

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Identify the missing species in the following nuclear transmutation. Identify the missing species in the following nuclear transmutation.   A)    B)    C)    D)    E)


A) Identify the missing species in the following nuclear transmutation.   A)    B)    C)    D)    E)
B) Identify the missing species in the following nuclear transmutation.   A)    B)    C)    D)    E)
C) Identify the missing species in the following nuclear transmutation.   A)    B)    C)    D)    E)
D) Identify the missing species in the following nuclear transmutation.   A)    B)    C)    D)    E)
E) Identify the missing species in the following nuclear transmutation.   A)    B)    C)    D)    E)

F) A) and C)
G) All of the above

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Suppose you have two very sensitive balances that can measure the masses of individual particles, depicted below. In these figures, "p" corresponds to a proton, and "n" corresponds to a neutron. Suppose you have two very sensitive balances that can measure the masses of individual particles, depicted below. In these figures,  p  corresponds to a proton, and  n  corresponds to a neutron.     What is the relationship between the mass readings of the two balances? (Neglect differences due to experimental uncertainty.)  A)  The mass reading of balance 1 will be much higher than the mass reading of balance 2. B)  The mass reading of balance 1 will be slightly higher than the mass reading of balance 2. C)  The mass reading of balance 1 will be exactly the same as the mass reading of balance 2. D)  The mass reading of balance 1 will be slightly lower than the mass reading of balance 2. E)  The mass reading of balance 1 will be much lower than the mass reading of balance 2. Suppose you have two very sensitive balances that can measure the masses of individual particles, depicted below. In these figures,  p  corresponds to a proton, and  n  corresponds to a neutron.     What is the relationship between the mass readings of the two balances? (Neglect differences due to experimental uncertainty.)  A)  The mass reading of balance 1 will be much higher than the mass reading of balance 2. B)  The mass reading of balance 1 will be slightly higher than the mass reading of balance 2. C)  The mass reading of balance 1 will be exactly the same as the mass reading of balance 2. D)  The mass reading of balance 1 will be slightly lower than the mass reading of balance 2. E)  The mass reading of balance 1 will be much lower than the mass reading of balance 2. What is the relationship between the mass readings of the two balances? (Neglect differences due to experimental uncertainty.)


A) The mass reading of balance 1 will be much higher than the mass reading of balance 2.
B) The mass reading of balance 1 will be slightly higher than the mass reading of balance 2.
C) The mass reading of balance 1 will be exactly the same as the mass reading of balance 2.
D) The mass reading of balance 1 will be slightly lower than the mass reading of balance 2.
E) The mass reading of balance 1 will be much lower than the mass reading of balance 2.

F) A) and C)
G) A) and D)

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In the following reaction, identify X. In the following reaction, identify X.   A)    B)    C)    D)    E)


A) In the following reaction, identify X.   A)    B)    C)    D)    E)
B) In the following reaction, identify X.   A)    B)    C)    D)    E)
C) In the following reaction, identify X.   A)    B)    C)    D)    E)
D) In the following reaction, identify X.   A)    B)    C)    D)    E)
E) In the following reaction, identify X.   A)    B)    C)    D)    E)

F) A) and E)
G) B) and C)

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When atoms of beryllium-9 are bombarded with alpha particles, neutrons are produced. What new isotope is also formed? When atoms of beryllium-9 are bombarded with alpha particles, neutrons are produced. What new isotope is also formed?   A)    B)    C)    D)    E)


A) When atoms of beryllium-9 are bombarded with alpha particles, neutrons are produced. What new isotope is also formed?   A)    B)    C)    D)    E)
B) When atoms of beryllium-9 are bombarded with alpha particles, neutrons are produced. What new isotope is also formed?   A)    B)    C)    D)    E)
C) When atoms of beryllium-9 are bombarded with alpha particles, neutrons are produced. What new isotope is also formed?   A)    B)    C)    D)    E)
D) When atoms of beryllium-9 are bombarded with alpha particles, neutrons are produced. What new isotope is also formed?   A)    B)    C)    D)    E)
E) When atoms of beryllium-9 are bombarded with alpha particles, neutrons are produced. What new isotope is also formed?   A)    B)    C)    D)    E)

F) C) and D)
G) A) and E)

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A mass of 6.02 × 1026 amu is equivalent to


A) 1 J.
B) 1 kg.
C) 1 g.
D) 1 mol.
E) 1 mg.

F) C) and E)
G) A) and D)

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The difference between the mass of an atom and the sum of the masses of its protons, neutrons, and electrons is called the ________ ________.

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A rock contains 0.37 mg of Pb-206 and 0.95 mg of U-238. Approximately how many U-238 atoms were in the rock when it was formed billions of years ago? (The half life for 238U → 206Pb is 4.51 × 109 yr.)


A) 1.32 atoms
B) 5.8 × 10-6 atoms
C) 2.4 × 1018 atoms
D) 3.3 × 1018 atoms
E) 3.5 × 1021 atoms

F) A) and B)
G) B) and E)

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The radiochemist, Will I. Glow, studied thorium-232 and found that 2.82 × 10-7 moles emitted 8.42 × 106 α particles in one year. What is the decay constant for thorium-232?


A) 3.35 × 10-14 yr-1
B) 4.96 × 10-11 yr-1
C) 1.40 × 1010 yr-1
D) 2.99 × 1013 yr-1
E) None of the answers is correct.

F) A) and B)
G) A) and C)

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The ________ has the same mass as the electron, but bears a charge of +1.

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