Exam 8: Transcription, Translation, and Bioinformatics

A) phosphate; hydroxyl
B) C; GGA
C) G; CCA
D) A; TTA
E) C; AAT

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Any one species such as E. coli can make...

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A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) -35

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A) adenylation.
B) phosphorylation.
C) acetylation.
D) removal of formylmethionine.
E) ubiquitination.

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A) proteases.
B) polymerases.
C) ribosomes.
D) ribozymes.
E) RNases.

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A) cistronic
B) transfer
C) polygenic
D) ribosomal
E) small

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Each mRNA has sequences upstream of the ...

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Possible answers include the following: ...

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A) 1-3 seconds.
B) 10-30 seconds.
C) 1-3 minutes.
D) 1-3 hours.
E) 1-3 days.

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A) tRNA
B) mRNA
C) rRNA
D) sRNA
E) tmRNA

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A) The RNA polymerase holoenzyme binds.
B) GTP hydrolysis catalyzes bubble formation.
C) The promoter unwinds.
D) The first rNTP is usually a purine.
E) Position +1 marks the start of the gene.

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Annotation is analogous to identifying separate sentences and words in an unknown language. Annotating a DNA sequence is done with computers using the known rules of transcription and translation to identify the start and stop sites of potential genes. DNA sequences are then translated in silico to determine amino acid sequences. When a sequence appears to encode a protein, the DNA sequence is called an open reading frame (ORF).

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Rifamycin B inhibits transcription initi...

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A) GLU-LEU-CYS-MET-GLY-SER-MET-CYS
B) MET-GLY-SER-MET-CYS
C) MET-HIS-GLY-PHE-TYR-VAL
D) MET-CYS-ILE-LEU-GLY-THR-TYR
E) ASP-VAL-TYR-LEU-GLY-TYR-VAL-LEU

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A) annotation
B) bioinformatics
C) open reading frames (ORFs)
D) sequence homology
E) computer analysis

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B

A) destroying damaged proteins so the amino acids can be recycled.
B) refolding proteins damaged by heat so they function again.
C) secreting damaged proteins into the periplasm.
D) labeling damaged proteins for destruction by clp proteases.
E) adding N-formylmethionine to damaged proteins.

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A) 16 RNAs and a variety of proteins.
B) an 80S (30S + 50S) component made of RNA and proteins.
C) 80S subunits along with several RNAs and at least 50 proteins.
D) two subunits made of three RNAs and at least 50 proteins.
E) three subunits containing both RNA and proteins.

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Rho-dependent termination involves Rho binding to GC-rich regions after the translational stop on the mRNA. The mRNA wraps around Rho until Rho and RNA polymerase come into contact, causing termination of transcription. As the name implies, Rho-independent termination does not involve Rho-protein. Instead, a region in the RNA after the translational stop contains a sequence that will base pair, forming a hairpin that is immediately followed by a poly-U sequence. A hairpin followed by a poly-U structure, behind the RNA pol, terminates transcription.