Question 1

Which of the following is true regarding escape and avoidance responses?

Accepted Answer

A)   Animals acquire escape and avoidance responses at the same speed because they are both related through negative reinforcement
B)   Animals acquire avoidance responses then escape responses because of negative reinforcement
C)   Animals acquire escape responses faster than avoidance responses because the negative reinforcer is immediately absent
D)   Animals acquire avoidance responses faster than escape responses because the positive reinforcer is immediately present

Question 2

Which of the following outcomes suggests that social exclusion itself is found to trigger aggressive behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)   Insulted participants in a study directed high levels of aversive noise at other participants they thought had socially excluded them.
B)   Insulted participants in a study directed high levels of noise at other participants, even when they knew the insult came from someone else.
C)   Participants given a general social reinforcer after being insulted lessened the level of the aversive noise used
D)   The level of aversive stimulation directed at other participants was high in all conditions, no matter the source of the insult or the availability of social reinforcement.

Question 3

Hackenberg and Hineline (1987)  gave one group of rats an avoidance period from electric shock before food and one group after food. They found that:

Accepted Answer

A)   Rats respond to long-term aversive consequences in their environment
B)   Only the rats below 85% body weight were interested in food after electric shock
C)   The avoidance period had no effect after food
D)   There was no difference in response based on positive reinforcement being before or after food

Question 4

Which of the following was not identified as a possible behavior principle influencing abused partners to stay in abusive situations?

Accepted Answer

A)   Dynamics outside the relationship punish the alternative behavior of leaving
B)   The "honeymoon" period serves as intermittent reinforcement for staying
C)   Discriminative stimuli associated with pleasant experiences maintain staying in the relationship
D)   Punishment of victim's staying in the relationship by the perpetrator decreases in effectiveness over time

Question 5

For learned helplessness, pre-exposure to escape _____ the helplessness brought on by _____ aversive stimulation:

Accepted Answer

A)   Blocks; inescapable
B)   Causes; excessive
C)   Enhances; noncontingent
D)   Augments; expected

Question 6

If wheel running is a higher-frequency operant, then wheel running will ______ drinking; if wheel running is a lower-frequency operant, then wheel running will _____ drinking.

Accepted Answer

A)   Determine; undermine
B)   Diminish; exacerbate
C)   Reinforce; punish
D)   Decrease; increase

Question 7

A real-life example of ______ can be seen in individuals suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder who compulsively wash their hands because they fear exposure to germs.

Accepted Answer

A)   Discriminated reinforcement
B)   Nondiscriminated avoidance
C)   Nondiscriminated reinforcement
D)   Discriminated avoidance

Question 8

You observe a fly (Drosophila)  in a dish moving slowly, frequently resting, and generally appearing "depressed." Which of the following conditions of Yang, Bertolucci, Wolf, and Heisenberg's (2013)  experiment was the fly most likely assigned?

Accepted Answer

A)   The fly was presented blasts of hot air with no programmed escape behavior
B)   The fly was presented with blasts of hot air with a programmed escape behavior
C)   The fly was blasted with hot air any time it began to move
D)   The fly was blasted with hot air any time it stopped moving

Question 9

Research on the use of skin-shock punishment in treatment of self-injurious behavior:

Accepted Answer

A)   Shows many side effects of punishments
B)   Indicates that skin shocks have no effect on non-targeted behavior
C)   Found an increase in aggressive and destructive behavior with skin shocks
D)   Indicates that skin-shock treatment eliminates the need for physical restraint

Question 10

Punishers that have to be used repeatedly indicate:

Accepted Answer

A)   That they should be gradually intensified and their use continued
B)   That they are ineffective and should be discontinued
C)   That they are doing their job and should be continued
D)   That while they are effective they should be discontinued

Question 11

In terms of dropping out, Sidman (2001)  indicates that one basic element is:

Accepted Answer

A)   Escape due to a history of inescapable shock
B)   Escape due to contingencies of avoidance
C)   Escape due to punishment
D)   Escape due to negative reinforcement

Question 12

Consider the following example: "Paige got a ticket for littering. As a result she has to pick up trash along the highway for at least 20 hours." This is an example of _______.

Accepted Answer

A)   Overcorrection
B)   Timeout procedure
C)   Response cost procedure
D)   Negative punishment

Question 13

For a person that has been stung by a bee, the sound of a buzzing bee serves a dual function. These two functions are:

Accepted Answer

A)   CS− and aversive stimulus
B)   CS+ and aversive stimulus
C)   CS− and an appetitive stimulus
D)   CS+ and an appetitive stimulus

Question 14

Azrin, Holz, and Hake (1963)  found that when pigeons were shocked with a punisher that increased intensity gradually ______, and when they were shocked with a punisher of moderate intensity ______.

Accepted Answer

A)   The birds increased their speed of response; the birds decreased their speed of response
B)   The birds decreased their speed of response; the birds increased their speed of response
C)   The birds would continue to respond; the birds quit responding
D)   The birds quit responding; the birds would continue to respond

Question 15

In Coercion and Its Fallout, Sidman (2001)  argues that coercion consists of both:

Accepted Answer

A)   Reinforcement and positive punishment
B)   Reinforcement and negative punishment
C)   Punishment and positive reinforcement
D)   Punishment and negative reinforcement

Question 16

In terms of aversive stimuli, attacks and foul odors are _______ while threats and falling grades are ______.

Accepted Answer

A)   Potent; impotent
B)   Natural; secondary
C)   Primary; conditioned
D)   Primitive; cultured

Question 17

Azrin, Holz, and Hake's (1963)  study on punishment and food deprivation in pigeons demonstrated that:

Accepted Answer

A)   The more food deprived the pigeons were, the higher the efficacy of the punisher
B)   The more food deprived the pigeons were, the lower the efficacy of the punisher
C)   The type of food reward in relation to deprivation changes the efficacy of the punisher
D)   The efficacy of the punisher remained constant regardless of the level of deprivation

Question 18

Learned helplessness provides a behavioral explanation for:

Accepted Answer

A)   The aversive control Nazi jailers maintained over their captives
B)   The relationship between alcohol dependence and depression
C)   Social withdrawal in children whose parents fail to set consistent rules and standards
D)   All of the above

Question 19

The response cost procedure is an example of ______.

Accepted Answer

A)   Negative reinforcement
B)   Negative punishment
C)   Positive punishment
D)   Positive reinforcement

Question 20

Chandler is having difficulty finishing a project for class where he teaches a rat to press and release a lever in order to escape an electric shock. Which of the following behaviors do you think is most likely interfering with successful completion of the targeted response?

Accepted Answer

A)   The rat runs rapidly around the cage following a shock.
B)   The rat moves to the magazine feeder as soon as a shock is delivered
C)   The rat begins grooming immediately after a shock
D)   The rat freezes after a shock is delivered

Exam 6: Aversive Control of Behavior

Azrin, Holz, and Hake's (1963) study on punishment and food deprivation in pigeons demonstrated that:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

For a person that has been stung by a bee, the sound of a buzzing bee serves a dual function. These two functions are:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following was not identified as a possible behavior principle influencing abused partners to stay in abusive situations?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Consider the following example: "Paige got a ticket for littering. As a result she has to pick up trash along the highway for at least 20 hours." This is an example of _______.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Azrin, Holz, and Hake (1963) found that when pigeons were shocked with a punisher that increased intensity gradually ______, and when they were shocked with a punisher of moderate intensity ______.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Learned helplessness provides a behavioral explanation for:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Chandler is having difficulty finishing a project for class where he teaches a rat to press and release a lever in order to escape an electric shock. Which of the following behaviors do you think is most likely interfering with successful completion of the targeted response?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following outcomes suggests that social exclusion itself is found to trigger aggressive behavior?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

For learned helplessness, pre-exposure to escape _____ the helplessness brought on by _____ aversive stimulation:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Hackenberg and Hineline (1987) gave one group of rats an avoidance period from electric shock before food and one group after food. They found that:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The response cost procedure is an example of ______.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

If wheel running is a higher-frequency operant, then wheel running will ______ drinking; if wheel running is a lower-frequency operant, then wheel running will _____ drinking.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In terms of dropping out, Sidman (2001) indicates that one basic element is:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In Coercion and Its Fallout, Sidman (2001) argues that coercion consists of both:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

You observe a fly (Drosophila) in a dish moving slowly, frequently resting, and generally appearing "depressed." Which of the following conditions of Yang, Bertolucci, Wolf, and Heisenberg's (2013) experiment was the fly most likely assigned?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Research on the use of skin-shock punishment in treatment of self-injurious behavior:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A real-life example of ______ can be seen in individuals suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder who compulsively wash their hands because they fear exposure to germs.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In terms of aversive stimuli, attacks and foul odors are _______ while threats and falling grades are ______.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Punishers that have to be used repeatedly indicate:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is true regarding escape and avoidance responses?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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Azrin, Holz, and Hake (1963) found that when pigeons were shocked with a punisher that increased intensity gradually , and when they were shocked with a punisher of moderate intensity .

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For learned helplessness, pre-exposure to escape _ the helplessness brought on by _ aversive stimulation:

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If wheel running is a higher-frequency operant, then wheel running will __ drinking; if wheel running is a lower-frequency operant, then wheel running will _ drinking.

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In terms of aversive stimuli, attacks and foul odors are _ while threats and falling grades are .

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