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Exam 34: Vertebrates

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Question 1

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Female birds lay their eggs, thereby facilitating flight by reducing weight. Which "strategy" seems most likely for female bats to use to achieve the same goal?

A) limit litters to a single embryo
B) refrain from flying throughout pregnancy (about six weeks long)
C) give birth to underdeveloped young, and subsequently carry them in a pouch that has teats
D) feed multiple embryos internally using placentas

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Question 2

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Which of the following could be considered the most recent common ancestor of living tetrapods?

A) a sturdy-finned, shallow-water lobe-fin whose appendages had skeletal supports similar to those of terrestrial vertebrates
B) an armored, jawed placoderm with two pairs of appendages
C) an early ray-finned fish that developed bony skeletal supports in its paired fins
D) a salamander that had legs supported by a bony skeleton but moved with the side-to-side bending typical of fishes

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Question 3

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Which of the following statements is correct regarding lancelets?

While hiking in a tropical rainforest, you find a large, snakelike organism that is 1-meter-long, has smooth skin, and appears to be segmented. You think it might be a snake or an amphibian. Which of the following characteristics, if observed, should help you arrive at a conclusive answer?

Which clade does not include humans?

The ancestors of amniotes laid eggs in water. It could be argued that embryos of amniotes still develop in water for which of the following reasons?

The evolution of similar insulating skin coverings such as fur, hair, and feathers in mammals and birds is a result of which of the following evolutionary processes?

In vertebrates, the earliest known mineralized structures were associated with body parts involved in which of the following processes?

Which of these structures would most likely have been observed in the common ancestor of chondrichthyans and osteichthyans?

Which of the following organisms is considered the most recent common ancestor of living tetrapods?

Which of these statements accurately describes a similarity between sharks and ray-finned fishes?

During chordate evolution, which of the following structures arose first?

As hominins diverged from other primates, which of the following appeared first?

Use the following information to answer the question. Brown et al. and Morwood et al. reported in 2004 that they had found skeletal remains of a previously unknown type of hominin, now dubbed Homo floresiensis, on the Indonesian island of Flores. These hominins were small (approximately 1 m tall) with small braincases (approximately 380 cm3) as compared with other hominins. The remains of H.floresiensis were found alongside handmade stone tools and the remains of dwarf elephants that also inhabited the island, suggesting that H. floresiensis was able both to make tools and to coordinate the hunting of animals much larger than itself. H. floresiensis is estimated to have lived at the site where the remains were found from 700,000 years ago to 60,000 years ago. The table is a comparison of several characteristics of H. floresiensis to those of nine other hominin species (arranged roughly from oldest to most recent) . What do these data suggest?

Arrange the following taxonomic terms in order from most inclusive to least inclusive.

Which of the following characteristics evolved independently in mammals and birds?

Mammals and birds eat more often than reptiles. Which of the following traits shared by mammals and birds best explains this habit?

If a tunicate's pharyngeal gill slits were blocked by a foreign object, which of the following processes would the organism have trouble performing?

Living vertebrates can be divided into two major clades. Select the appropriate pair.

In what respect do hominins differ from all other anthropoids?