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Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome can be transmitted from person-to-person and from rodents to humans.

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Which of the following Streptococcus pyogenes virulence factors kills leukocytes and erythrocytes?


A) streptolysins
B) pyrogenic toxins
C) streptokinases
D) the hyaluronic acid capsule
E) C5a peptidase

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What distinguishes influenza from the common cold?


A) Fever
B) Pharyngitis
C) Cough
D) Malaise
E) Nasal congestion

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Limiting exposure to rodents and their waste is an important means of preventing


A) coccidioidomycosis.
B) Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome.
C) histoplasmosis.
D) bronchiolitis.
E) inhalational anthrax.

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Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the common cold?


A) Only coronaviruses cause the common cold.
B) The viruses can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tracts.
C) Cold viruses reproduce most effectively at 37°C.
D) Cold viruses are frequently spread by contaminated fomites.
E) The immune system cannot develop an effective response to cold viruses.

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A major change in the surface glycoproteins of influenza A, which occurs every 10 years on average, is called (antigenic/genetic/protein) shift.

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Staphylococcus aureus is part of the upper respiratory microbiome.

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Numerous bacteria can cause pneumoniae in the elderly or immunocompromised. The most common ones were covered in the section "Bacterial Diseases of the Lower Respiratory System." Devise a set of laboratory tests that could be used to distinguish between these bacteria in a clinical laboratory. Have as your goal the minimum number of tests necessary. (Hints: Try to make a dichotomous key to start. You may also need to recall material from previous chapters.)

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A number of answers are possible, but al...

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Why are nearly all AIDS patients at risk of developing Pneumocystis pneumonia?


A) Pneumocystis jiroveci is becoming a wide-spread contaminant in health care environments.
B) Pneumocystis jiroveci is commonly found in a wide variety of soils.
C) The pathogen is easily transmitted from infected persons to others.
D) Pneumocystis jiroveci is a common member of the respiratory microbiome in humans and opportunistic pathogen.
E) Pneumocystis jiroveci is zoonotic in a wide range of vertebrates and exposure is unavoidable.

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Strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis called MDR are resistant to


A) levofloxacin.
B) isoniazid.
C) rifampin.
D) isoniazid and rifampin.
E) levofloxacin, isoniazid and rifampin.

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A recently retired man appears at his doctor's office complaining of difficulty breathing, body aches and fatigue. He is also running a high fever and has a dry cough. He reports having just returned from a trip to the Middle East where he visited several historical sites. Test results are negative for a rapid test for influenza A. No bacteria are visible in a microscopic exam of his sputum. Which of the following is a likely explanation?


A) inhalation anthrax
B) pertussis
C) valley fever
D) coronavirus respiratory syndrome
E) primary atypical pneumonia

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The microbe which causes primary atypical pneumonia is


A) Bordetella pertussis.
B) MERS.
C) Chlamydophila pneumoniae.
D) Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
E) SARS.

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Cold viruses are prevented from infecting most areas of the body because these areas are either too warm or too acidic.

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Some of the signs of scarlet fever (scarlatina) are due to the production of (pertussis/pneumolysin/pyrogenic) toxin.

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Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae?


A) It is extremely difficult to treat.
B) The causative agent attaches to ciliated cells in the respiratory tract.
C) The causative agent is a fast-growing Gram-positive bacillus.
D) It causes disease which is usually severe enough to require hospitalization.
E) It is diagnosed by the appearance of typical "fried-egg" colonies on agar.

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Bordetella pertussis produces


A) dermonecrotic toxin.
B) adenylate cyclase toxin.
C) pyrogenic toxin.
D) dermonecrotic and adenylate cyclase toxins.
E) dermonecrotic, adenylate cyclase, and pyrogenic toxins.

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Exposure to soil with decaying plant material may result in pus-filled lesions characteristic of (coccidioidomycosis/blastomycosis/histoplasmosis).

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Group A streptococci produce ________ which breaks down blood clots, allowing the bacteria to spread.


A) M proteins
B) a hyaluronic acid capsule
C) C5a peptidase
D) streptokinase
E) pyrogenic toxins

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Inflammation of the trachea and bronchi, commonly called (croup/pertussis/pneumonia), is frequently caused by paramyxoviruses.

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Pleurisy is the accumulation of pus in the lungs.

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