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Exam 3: Ethical Relativism

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Question 1

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Which of the following viewpoints necessarily implies that there are no universally applicable moral norms?

A) Metaethical relativism
B) Subjectivism
C) Descriptive relativism
D) Objectivism

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Question 2

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Give an example of situational differences that does NOT imply relativism. Explain how/why the situational differences in your example defy relativism.

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An example of situational differences that does not imply relativism could be the cultural differences in the way people greet each other. In some cultures, it is customary to greet someone with a handshake, while in other cultures, a bow or a kiss on the cheek may be the appropriate greeting. This example defies relativism because it does not imply that one way of greeting is inherently better or more correct than the other. Instead, it simply acknowledges that different cultures have different customs and traditions when it comes to greetings. This does not mean that one culture's way of greeting is right and the other is wrong, but rather that they are simply different. In this example, the situational differences in greeting customs do not imply relativism because they do not suggest that there is no objective truth or standard for how people should greet each other. Instead, they highlight the diversity and richness of human culture, and the importance of understanding and respecting different customs and traditions.

Question 3

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The view that moral rules or principles have no exceptions and are context-independent is known as

Discuss the relevance of moral uncertainty to both the relativist and non-relativist positions. Why does the relativist claim that moral uncertainty leads to relativism? How does the non-relativist counter the relativist argument? Which position do you find most convincing?

Richard Rorry argues that there is no algorithm to determine precise answers about which beliefs are better than others.

The belief that what is right in some circumstances is not necessarily right in others cannot be held by ethical objectivists.

Describe Nussbaum's "central capabilities" approach. Why does your text refer to such an approach as both "weak relativism" and "soft universalism?"

According to Martha Nussbaum, the central capabilities

Weak forms of ethical relativism hold that there are objective moral principles, even though they will need to be applied differently in different contexts.

According to individual ethical relativism, I cannot be objectively mistaken in my moral judgments.

Strong ethical relativism holds that

Absolutism is described as the view that

If two people have the same moral values, then they will always reach the same conclusions about what is right and wrong.

Strong ethical relativism holds that there is no objective good or bad, right or wrong.

According to your text, what is a straw man?

G.E. Moore held that goodness is a specific quality that attaches to people or acts. This is a form of

Which of the following is NOT among Nussbaum's "central capabilities?"

According to W.D. Ross, the fact that there are several prima facie duties means

According to the text, moral skeptics hold that it is difficult or impossible to know what is good or bad, right or wrong.

Descriptive relativism necessarily implies metaethical relativism.