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Exam 12: Problem Solving.

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Question 21

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Considering the fortress and the radiation problems together,the fortress problem represents theproblem.

A) source
B) target
C) exemplar
D) prototype

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Question 22

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Newell and Simon called the conditions at the beginning of the problem the

A) intermediate state.
B) goal state.
C) initial state.
D) source story.

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Question 23

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Newell and Simon were early pioneers in designing computer programs that could solve problems.Their research program was based on the idea that problem solving is a process that involves

In the movie Apollo 13,astronauts aboard a damaged spacecraft have to build a carbon dioxide filter out of random items that are aboard the ship with them.If they do not,they will all die rapidly of carbon dioxide poisoning.The fact that they are able to do so with the help of experts on Earth is similar to theapproach developed by Ronald Finke.

People are most successful at noticing an analogous relationship between problems if they focus on

The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that,if well-learned,it may prevent us from

Gick and Holyoak consider which of the following to be the most difficult step to achieve in the process of analogical problem solving?

Describe in detail the differences between the way experts and nonexperts go about solving problems.In your answer,highlight the advantages and disadvantages to being an expert in a field.

The radiation problem was used in your text to illustrate the role ofin problem solving.

The solution to the candle problem involves realizing that the

Warmth judgments on nearness to a solutionprior to the solution of an insight problem andprior to the solution of a non-insight problem.

Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems?

Holly was in her mother-in-law's kitchen preparing lunch for the family.When she was ready to dish up the soup,she searched all the cupboards and drawers for a ladle but couldn't find one.She decided to wait until her mother-in- law returned to ask her where the ladle was,leaving the soup in the stove pot.Her mother-in-law later explained that the ladle had been broken,so she told Holly to use a coffee mug to "spoon" the soup into bowls.Holly's ability to solve the "dish up the soup" problem was hindered by which of the following obstacles?

Phoenix Decorating Company is responsible for designing and building many of the floral floats seen in the Tournament of Roses Parade every New Year's Day.Phoenix's designers start preparing the floats for the next year's parade soon after the first of the year.For each corporate sponsor,Phoenix gets their best advertising team members,and they sit in a room for several hours throwing out every idea they can come up with,no matter how good or bad it is.After a substantial list has been created,they then go through every idea and rate its merits or deficits,until they come up with the best idea to pitch to the corporate sponsor.This process demonstrates

Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem?

The fortress problem involves a fortress and marching soldiers,while the radiation problem involves a tumor and rays.Therefore,the two problems have very different

The radiation problem can be solved using

Amber lives in a housing development between two parallel streets that both connect to a freeway.She usually takes the street to the south when heading southbound on the freeway to work,but that street is closed for repairs for three months.Amber takes the street to the north during that time.After the street to the south is re-opened,she continues to take the street to the north,even though it is a slightly longer route.Continuing to take the street to the north represents

Which of the following provides the best example of functional fixedness?

Gick and Holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves the following three steps: