Question 1

Which of the following is a conditioned reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A)  money
B)  food
C)  shelter
D)  saccharin

Question 2

A negative contingency between a response and an aversive stimulus is also known as

Accepted Answer

A)  positive reinforcement.
B)  negative reinforcement.
C)  punishment.
D)  omission training.

Question 3

Lyle leaves the theater because the music in the show he is watching is too loud. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  positive reinforcement.
B)  negative reinforcement.
C)  punishment.
D)  omission training.

Question 4

Which of the following is true of the nature of the instrumental reinforcer in conditioning procedures?

Accepted Answer

A)  The quality of the reinforcer is important, but not the quantity.
B)  The quantity of the reinforcer is important, but not the quality.
C)  Neither the quality nor quantity of the reinforcer is important.
D)  Both the quality and quantity of the reinforcer are important.

Question 5

Compare positive and negative response-reinforcer contingencies. How do these contingencies contribute to the classification of instrumental conditioning procedures?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compare positive and negative response-reinforcer contingencies. How...

Question 6

Which of the following would most likely be used in a discrete trial procedure?

Accepted Answer

A)  licking water from a tube to gain access to food
B)  pressing a lever to gain access to food
C)  running down a runway to gain access to food
D)  pushing a rod to gain access to food

Question 7

Sometimes, removing a stimulus after some response increases the occurrence of that response. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  punishment.
B)  omission training.
C)  positive reinforcement.
D)  negative reinforcement.

Question 8

The elevated responding for a favorable reward resulting from experience with a less attractive outcome is called

Accepted Answer

A)  proactive belongingness.
B)  positive contrast.
C)  negative contrast.
D)  retroactive belongingness.

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of (positive) punishment?

Accepted Answer

A)  Dora is sent to her room without dessert because of her poor manners.
B)  Steve has his mouth washed out with soap for swearing.
C)  Bobby is not allowed to buy cigarettes because he is too young.
D)  All of the above

Question 10

The cats in Thorndike's puzzle boxes were able to escape more quickly over successive trials. Thorndike interpreted this performance change to reflect

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulus-outcome learning.
B)  stimulus-stimulus learning.
C)  stimulus-response learning.
D)  response-outcome learning.

Question 11

A delay in the delivery of a reinforcer after the target response is likely to disrupt conditioning because

Accepted Answer

A)  animals have poor memories.
B)  animals keep responding during the delay.
C)  animals have attentional difficulties.
D)  animals expect responses to lead to reinforcers.

Question 12

According to the text, an unpleasant outcome is technically termed which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  punishment
B)  averse stimulus
C)  positive reinforcement
D)  negative reinforcement

Question 13

Shaping depends on which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  the variability of behavior
B)  nonreinforcement of the target response
C)  continued reinforcement of early response forms
D)  delivering the reinforcer only for responses that exceed any previous response

Question 14

Compare discrete-trial and free-operant methods of instrumental conditioning. What are the advantages of each class of procedure? What factors would influence your choice of procedure type if you were to explore instrumental behaviors?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compare discrete-trial and free-operant methods of instrumental...

Question 15

Which of the following is thought in part to have helplessness as a mechanism of its development?

Accepted Answer

A)  panic attacks
B)  depression
C)  schizophrenia
D)  dissociative disorders

Question 16

Your dog is sitting quietly in the front yard when an intruder approaches. As you would hope, the dog begins to bark vigorously and the intruder runs away. The dog's barking is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  sensitization.
B)  elicited behavior.
C)  goal directed behavior.
D)  It cannot be determined with the given information.

Question 17

How does the current status of a reinforcer depend on prior experience with that or other reinforcers?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How does the current status of a...

Question 18

Which of the following is typical of a discrete trial procedure?

Accepted Answer

A)  A hungry rat makes a choice between plain food and food enhanced with a sweetener in a T-maze.
B)  A monkey pushes a lever to watch an electric train.
C)  A thirsty pigeon pecks a key to gain access to water.
D)  A hungry rat moves a rod to earn a food pellet.

Question 19

Steve anxiously taps his pencil on his desk every day at 11:50. By 11:55 he is licking his lips. Assuming lunch is always served at noon, what, according to behavioral systems theory, best explains his pencil tapping behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  adventitious reinforcement
B)  superstitious behavior
C)  species-typical responses that reflect other sources of motivation when food is unlikely
D)  early components of foraging behavior

Question 20

Which of the following is not true about behavioral variability?

Accepted Answer

A)  Reinforcement inevitably decreases behavioral variability.
B)  Behavioral variability can be the basis for instrumental reinforcement.
C)  Reinforcement can increase or decrease originality.
D)  Pigeons will generate novel pecking patterns if novelty is reinforced.

Exam 5: Instrumental Conditioning

Which of the following is typical of a discrete trial procedure?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is a conditioned reinforcer?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The elevated responding for a favorable reward resulting from experience with a less attractive outcome is called

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Compare discrete-trial and free-operant methods of instrumental conditioning. What are the advantages of each class of procedure? What factors would influence your choice of procedure type if you were to explore instrumental behaviors?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Shaping depends on which of the following?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to the text, an unpleasant outcome is technically termed which of the following?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Your dog is sitting quietly in the front yard when an intruder approaches. As you would hope, the dog begins to bark vigorously and the intruder runs away. The dog's barking is an example of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A delay in the delivery of a reinforcer after the target response is likely to disrupt conditioning because

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The cats in Thorndike's puzzle boxes were able to escape more quickly over successive trials. Thorndike interpreted this performance change to reflect

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is thought in part to have helplessness as a mechanism of its development?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following would most likely be used in a discrete trial procedure?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is not true about behavioral variability?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Lyle leaves the theater because the music in the show he is watching is too loud. This is an example of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is an example of (positive) punishment?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

How does the current status of a reinforcer depend on prior experience with that or other reinforcers?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A negative contingency between a response and an aversive stimulus is also known as

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is true of the nature of the instrumental reinforcer in conditioning procedures?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Sometimes, removing a stimulus after some response increases the occurrence of that response. This is an example of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Compare positive and negative response-reinforcer contingencies. How do these contingencies contribute to the classification of instrumental conditioning procedures?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Steve anxiously taps his pencil on his desk every day at 11:50. By 11:55 he is licking his lips. Assuming lunch is always served at noon, what, according to behavioral systems theory, best explains his pencil tapping behavior?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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