Exam 4: Techno-Social Designing

A) Experimental development
B) Applied research
C) Systems research
D) Basic Research

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B

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A) Humane working conditions
B) Poor working conditions
C) Excessive wages
D) Work-life balance

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Joseph Schumpeter, an Austrian-American ...

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Systems theory is an interdisciplinary study of systems as they relate to one another within a larger, more complex system. It is not exclusive to technology; it is applied across a range of disciplines, including biology, engineering, social sciences, and more. However, in the context of technology and organizational studies, systems theory is particularly influential. Here are some of the key premises of systems theory: 1. **Interconnectedness and Interdependence**: Systems are composed of interrelated parts or components that work together. Changes or actions in one part of the system affect other parts, and the system as a whole. This premise emphasizes the importance of understanding how components influence one another within the whole. 2. **Holism**: This principle posits that systems should be viewed as wholes, not just as a collection of parts. The behavior of the system cannot be fully understood simply by analyzing its individual components. The system has properties and behaviors that emerge only when all parts work together. 3. **Hierarchy**: Systems are often part of a larger hierarchy where they serve as subsystems of a more extensive system. This creates a structure of systems within systems, where each level operates with a certain degree of autonomy but is also influenced by the other levels. 4. **Self-Regulation and Homeostasis**: Many systems have regulatory mechanisms that help maintain stability or equilibrium. Through feedback loops, systems can monitor and adjust their behavior to achieve desired outcomes or maintain a stable state. 5. **Adaptation and Evolution**: Systems are dynamic and capable of adapting to changes in their environment. Over time, they can evolve to become more complex, improving their survival or functioning within a changing context. 6. **Goal Orientation**: Systems often exhibit goal-oriented behavior, working towards certain objectives or end states. This is particularly evident in technological and organizational systems, which are designed with specific purposes in mind. 7. **Input-Output Model**: Systems theory often uses an input-output model to describe how systems interact with their environment. Inputs (resources, information, energy) are processed by the system to produce outputs (products, services, decisions). 8. **Feedback Loops**: Feedback is a critical concept in systems theory, where the output of a system is fed back into the system as input, influencing subsequent behavior. Feedback can be positive (amplifying changes) or negative (dampening changes to maintain stability). 9. **Boundary and Environment**: Systems have boundaries that distinguish them from their environment. The nature of these boundaries can affect how the system interacts with its external environment and how it is defined. 10. **Complexity**: Systems can exhibit complex behaviors that are difficult to predict. This complexity arises from the nonlinear interactions between the components of the system and between the system and its environment. Understanding these premises helps technologists, engineers, and managers to design, analyze, and manage systems more effectively. By applying systems theory, they can better anticipate how changes in one part of a system might ripple through and affect the whole, and how to create more resilient and adaptable systems.

A) A net of people, devices, and infrastructure that work disjointed
B) A plurality of understandings that help explain technological progress
C) A configuration of parts connected and joined together by a web of relationships
D) A device that is designed to fulfill a single purpose

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A) The United States
B) Japan
C) Korea
D) Canada

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C

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A) An issue with a system or organization that makes it difficult for the interests of its members to be represented; when used to describe a technological system, "critical problem" refers to anything that makes it harder for users to benefit from the use of the technology
B) A problem that is recognized through human inquiry but is not recognized as problematic by the CPU (central processing unit) of a computer system
C) A challenge that requires a complex solution involving technological innovations and institutional or social change
D) Something that will result in the failure of the entire system if not fixed

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A) Research and development
B) The creative process
C) Appropriation
D) Innovation and destruction of out-dated doctrine

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The three interrelated processes that Ca...

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Individuals who belong to the creative c...

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A) People belonging to the upper class
B) People looking to invest in a start-up company
C) People belonging to the creative class
D) People who are interested in learning about technology

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A) Actor network theory
B) Systems theory
C) Power-systems theory
D) Symbolic interactionism

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