Question 1

Which two ions are most important for acid-base balance in the body?

Accepted Answer

A)   K+, Na+
B)   Cl- and HCO3-
C)   Ca++, Na+
D)   Na+, Cl-

Question 2

The direct effects of acidosis are manifested primarily in the functioning of the:

Accepted Answer

A)   Digestive system
B)   Urinary system
C)   Nervous system
D)   Respiratory system

Question 3

What are the three mechanisms that control or compensate for serum pH?

Accepted Answer

A)   Hypothalamus, metabolic changes by digestive system, lymphatic system filtration
B)   Buffer pairs in blood, change in kidney excretion rate, change in respiration rate
C)   Neural feedback, increase in heart rate, decrease in calcium intake
D)   Modification of water intake, increased capillary permeability, decrease in blood volume

Question 4

When the osmotic pressure of the blood is elevated above normal, water would shift from the:

Accepted Answer

A)   blood into the cells.
B)   interstitial compartment into the cells.
C)   interstitial compartment into the blood.
D)   cells into the interstitial compartment.

Question 5

Which of the following would be considered normal serum pH?

Accepted Answer

A)   4.5-8
B)   7.0
C)   7.4
D)   8 C

Question 6

What is the effect on blood serum when excessive lactic acid accumulates in the body?

Accepted Answer

A)   Bicarbonate ion levels decrease
B)   Bicarbonate ion levels increase
C)   Carbonic acid levels increase
D)   pH increases

Question 7

Alkalosis increases irritability and spontaneous stimulation of nerves by:

Accepted Answer

A)   blocking normal nerve conduction.
B)   increasing the permeability of nerve membranes.
C)   blocking movement of calcium ions.
D)   decreasing phosphate ion levels.

Question 8

Which statements apply to atrial natriuretic peptide?
1)  It is secreted by heart muscle cells.
2)  It is a hormone secreted by the kidneys.
3)  It helps to control water and sodium balance.
4)  It is released in response to low blood pressure.

Accepted Answer

A)   1, 3
B)   1, 4
C)   2, 3
D)   2, 4

Question 9

In patients with impaired expiration associated with emphysema, effective compensation for the acid-base imbalance would be:

Accepted Answer

A)   increased rate and depth of respiration.
B)   decreased rate and depth of respiration.
C)   increased urine pH and decreased serum bicarbonate.
D)   decreased urine pH and increased serum bicarbonate.

Question 10

Hypocalcemia causes weak cardiac contractions because:

Accepted Answer

A)   permeability of nerve membranes increases.
B)   insufficient calcium ions are available for muscle contraction.
C)   low phosphate ion levels prevent muscle contraction.
D)   excessive amounts of calcium are stored in cardiac muscle.

Question 11

Which of the following is a typical sign of dehydration?

Accepted Answer

A)   Rapid, strong pulse
B)   Low hematocrit
C)   Increased urine output
D)   Rough oral mucosa

Question 12

Which of the following would likely be related to an elevated hematocrit reading?

Accepted Answer

A)   Fluid excess
B)   Fluid deficit
C)   Increased sodium level
D)   Decreased erythrocytes

Question 13

Which of the following is a manifestation of respiratory alkalosis?

Accepted Answer

A)   Bradycardia and deep rapid breathing
B)   Drowsiness and general lethargy
C)   Increased nervous system irritability
D)   Decreased urine pH

Question 14

In which of the following processes is phosphate ion NOT a major component?

Accepted Answer

A)   Bone metabolism
B)   Metabolic processes involving adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 
C)   Blood clotting
D)   Acid-base balance

Question 15

Which of the following is essential in order to maintain serum pH within normal range?

Accepted Answer

A)   Carbonic acid and bicarbonate ion must be present in equal quantities.
B)   All excess carbonic acid must be excreted by the kidneys.
C)   The concentration of bicarbonate ion must remain constant.
D)   The ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate ion must be 1:20.

Question 16

Which of the following is the primary control of serum Na+ levels?

Accepted Answer

A)   ADH
B)   Aldosterone
C)   Serum H+ levels
D)   serum K+ levels

Question 17

In the initial stage, vomiting results in:

Accepted Answer

A)   metabolic acidosis.
B)   metabolic alkalosis.
C)   respiratory alkalosis.
D)   None of the above B

Question 18

Which of the following causes tetany?

Accepted Answer

A)   Increased permeability of nerve membranes due to low serum calcium
B)   Excess calcium ions in skeletal muscle due to excess parathyroid hormone (PTH) 
C)   Excess calcium ions inside somatic nerves as a result of neoplasms
D)   Increased stimulation of the nerves in the cerebral cortex A

Question 19

Which of the following terms refers to a combination of decreased circulating blood volume combined with excess fluid in a body cavity?

Accepted Answer

A)   Dehydration
B)   Third-spacing
C)   Hypovolemia
D)   Water retention

Question 20

Which acid-base imbalance results from impaired expiration due to emphysema?

Accepted Answer

A)   Metabolic acidosis
B)   Metabolic alkalosis
C)   Respiratory acidosis
D)   Respiratory alkalosis

Exam 2: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Imbalances

Which two ions are most important for acid-base balance in the body?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The direct effects of acidosis are manifested primarily in the functioning of the:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What are the three mechanisms that control or compensate for serum pH?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When the osmotic pressure of the blood is elevated above normal, water would shift from the:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following would be considered normal serum pH?

Correct AnswerverifiedC

What is the effect on blood serum when excessive lactic acid accumulates in the body?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Alkalosis increases irritability and spontaneous stimulation of nerves by:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which statements apply to atrial natriuretic peptide? 1) It is secreted by heart muscle cells. 2) It is a hormone secreted by the kidneys. 3) It helps to control water and sodium balance. 4) It is released in response to low blood pressure.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In patients with impaired expiration associated with emphysema, effective compensation for the acid-base imbalance would be:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Hypocalcemia causes weak cardiac contractions because:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is a typical sign of dehydration?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following would likely be related to an elevated hematocrit reading?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is a manifestation of respiratory alkalosis?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In which of the following processes is phosphate ion NOT a major component?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is essential in order to maintain serum pH within normal range?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is the primary control of serum Na+ levels?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In the initial stage, vomiting results in:

Correct AnswerverifiedB

Which of the following causes tetany?

Correct AnswerverifiedA

Which of the following terms refers to a combination of decreased circulating blood volume combined with excess fluid in a body cavity?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which acid-base imbalance results from impaired expiration due to emphysema?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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C

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Which of the following is the primary control of serum Na⁺ levels?

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B

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A

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