A) the population has been pushed by habitat destruction to the extreme edge of its normal range.
B) the population is being exposed to a novel species, such as a new predator, introduced intentionally or by accident.
C) there is a time lag between natural selection and its effects.
D) all of the above.
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A) adaptations.
B) advancements.
C) alleles.
D) artificial selections.
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A) are always due to chance.
B) are not possible, according to a well known genetic law.
C) form the basic process of evolution.
D) were first identified by Darwin.
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A) a kind of genetic "leakage" within a population that reduces variability.
B) a tendency for the intensity of a phenotype to be reduced over time within a single population.
C) genes moving between two populations that are not completely isolated from one another.
D) responsible for sharpening differences between two populations.
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A) a single gene, such as a regulatory gene, may affect several traits.
B) genes for two traits may be located at analogous sites on different chromosomes.
C) the effect of such trait combinations is consistently positive.
D) all of the above.
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A) experienced an abrupt shift in its environment.
B) had become geographically isolated from other riparian populations for a long time.
C) suffered from a mutation caused by pesticides.
D) was not completely isolated from a population of desert spiders.
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A) It is virtually impossible to find a common unit in which to translate all costs and benefits.
B) It is easy to measure the benefits of a behavior but very difficult to measure its costs.
C) It is not possible to determine the number of offspring that might have existed if the parent had behaved in a different fashion.
D) all of the above.
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A) "birds of a feather flock together."
B) "opposites attract."
C) individuals tend to choose mates with phenotypes similar to their own.
D) inbreeding tends to occur more often than chance.
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A) a large scale evolutionary change over geological time.
B) an evolutionary change within a species.
C) the change within an individual as it develops during its lifetime.
D) all of the above.
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A) reproductive incompatibility.
B) some variability.
C) the same genotype.
D) the same phenotype.
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A) is capable of long-range planning.
B) is imposed by humans with particular goals in mind.
C) is not goal directed.
D) operates only on domestic animals.
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A) gene flow.
B) genetic drift.
C) phenotypic variation.
D) recombination.
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A) an examination of multiple species with a shared phylogeny found in different environments.
B) an examination of multiple species with multiple evolutionary origins found in different environments.
C) being able to construct the phylogeny from morphological traits rather than having to resort to use of DNA.
D) being able to map a series of behavioral traits onto a known phylogeny.
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A) an eventual decrease in genetic variation within the population.
B) an initial response in the population to the new environmental pressure, and then a flattening out of the response after several generations.
C) the population to become adapted to the new environment.
D) all of the above.
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A) a somewhat "expensive" strategy because it demands significant cognitive abilities to be effective.
B) a strategy that is effective as long as all members of the population behave in an "honest" fashion.
C) a strategy that maximizes the reproductive fitness of the most highly adapted individuals in the group.
D) a strategy that, when adopted by nearly all members of a population, cannot be beaten by a different strategy.
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A) differences in behavior between two related species may be due to natural selection.
B) the correlations identified in one comparative study become more convincing if they later allow behavior to be predicted in a previously unstudied group.
C) traits of related species are compared in different ecological settings.
D) all of the above.
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A) Blue jays prey on the most common form of moth until it becomes less common, and then they switch to an alternative form.
B) Female guppies choose males with novel color patterns over males with a familiar color pattern.
C) Male Texas field crickets that don't call very much may be more reproductively successful when parasitoid flies are common than are males that call much more frequently.
D) Many New Zealand birds do not have antipredator skills and may even alight near dangerous animals.
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