A) much greater mass and greater average density.
B) about the same mass but much higher density.
C) much greater mass but about the same density.
D) much greater mass but much lower average density.
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A) Charles Darwin
B) Alfred Wegener
C) J. Tuzo Wilson
D) James Van Allen
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A) Mercury feels a stronger gravitational pull from the more massive Sun than the Moon does from Earth, so its rotation became locked on the Sun before it had slowed enough for a 1-to-1 lock.
B) Mercury's orbit is very eccentric, so its orbital speed varies while its rotation rate remains constant, preventing a 1-to-1 lock.
C) Mercury's rotation rate is still slowing down, and the apparent 3-to-2 lock is actually just coincidence.
D) Mercury's orbit is highly inclined (tipped up at an angle to the orbits of the other planets) , so the Sun sometimes pulls more on Mercury's north pole and sometimes more on its south pole.
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A) unlike Earth, the Moon has essentially no atmosphere.
B) the hemisphere of the Moon facing Earth is different from the hemisphere facing away.
C) the Moon is heavily cratered.
D) Moon rocks and minerals contain very little water or other volatile substances with low melting and boiling points.
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A) 12 hours.
B) 24 hours.
C) slightly less than 12 hours.
D) slightly more than 12 hours.
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A) about the same.
B) much shorter, about 1 hour.
C) about half as long, about 10 hours.
D) significantly longer.
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A) Mercury reflects 9/10 of the sunlight falling on it.
B) 1/10 of Mercury's surface is cloud-covered.
C) Mercury is visible only 1/10 of the time.
D) Mercury reflects 1/10 of the sunlight falling on it.
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A) the brightest celestial object in the sky other than the Sun and the Moon.
B) just bright enough to be seen with the unaided eye if one knows exactly where to look for it.
C) brighter than the full Moon, but not as bright as the Sun.
D) too faint to see without binoculars or a telescope.
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A) The lines were rifts in the Martian surface at the boundaries of geological tectonic plates.
B) The lines were linear, stationary cloud formations (mountain lee wave clouds) and weather fronts moving around with the planet.
C) The lines were optical illusions caused by vague shadings on the planet's surface.
D) The lines were groups of dark volcanoes similar to those of the Hawaiian Islands on Earth.
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A) a crater-covered surface of reddish color.
B) evidence of ice-covered polar caps and huge dust storms.
C) a smooth, dark surface with few mountain ranges.
D) a completely cloud-shrouded planet with high atmospheric wind speeds.
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A) mantle
B) regolith
C) rille
D) mare
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A) 3 times
B) twice
C) It will never again reach this specific position.
D) once
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A) a myth, part of the Atlantis legend.
B) the first continent to rise from the sea, which broke up 200 million years ago.
C) the result of a collision of continents, of a type that occurs roughly every 500 million years.
D) the original surface of Earth, before the oceans formed.
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A) relatively recently, about 4 billion years after planet formation.
B) in the first 800 million years after planet formation.
C) about halfway through their lives, or about 2.3 billion years after planet formation.
D) at a relatively constant rate throughout their lives, up to and including the present day.
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A) asteroids
B) comet nuclei
C) terrestrial planets
D) Jovian planets
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A) Photosynthesis consumes carbon dioxide from our atmosphere but produces carbon dioxide at the end of the process and thus has little effect on our atmosphere.
B) Photosynthesis consumes carbon dioxide from our atmosphere and produces oxygen.
C) Photosynthesis consumes oxygen from our atmosphere and produces carbon dioxide.
D) Photosynthesis consumes both water vapor and carbon dioxide from our atmosphere and produces nitrogen.
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A) the weight of the Atlantic Ocean on the thin seabed.
B) tidal flows of ocean water meeting in mid-Atlantic.
C) two tectonic plates pushing together, producing upthrust.
D) two tectonic plates moving apart because of volcanic upflow.
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A) chemical reactions between constituents of the atmosphere, particularly sulfuric acid.
B) radiation from hot lava, produced by intense and continuous volcanic action.
C) continuous bombardment of the surface by solar wind particles and meteoroids.
D) absorption of visible radiation by the Venusian surface and the subsequent trapping of infrared radiation emitted by the surface by the atmosphere and clouds.
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A) one hemisphere with many craters and few volcanoes and the other hemisphere with few craters and many volcanoes.
B) extensive volcanic activity and crustal deformation over most of its history, but no evidence of plate tectonics.
C) no evidence of an iron core.
D) an iron core that occupies almost half its volume.
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A) Earth is still contracting gravitationally and converting gravitational potential energy into heat.
B) Convection returns heat energy to the core from the upper mantle.
C) Conduction returns heat energy to the core from the upper mantle.
D) Radioactivity in the core and lower mantle provides additional heat.
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