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Exam 2: Cross-Cultural Research Methods

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Question 21

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_____ can be defined as a state or condition of similarity in conceptual meaning and empirical method between cultures that allows comparisons to be meaningful.

A) Equivalence
B) Cross-cultural research
C) Operationalization
D) Bias

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Question 22

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_____ is the degree to which a measure used in a cross-cultural study produces the same factor analysis results in the different countries being compared.

A) Linguistic equivalence
B) Measurement equivalence
C) Structural equivalence
D) Sampling equivalence

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Question 23

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One of the most important lessons to learn about cross-cultural research methods is that linguistic equivalence alone does not guarantee measurement equivalence.

In the context of mistaken interpretations in cross-cultural comparison studies,_____ occur when researchers infer that something cultural produced the differences they observed in their study,despite the fact that they may not be empirically justified in doing so because they did not actually measure those cultural factors.

Which of the following compares the differences observed between the groups to the differences one would normally expect on the basis of chance alone and then compute the probability that the results would have been obtained solely by chance?

_____ test the equivalence of psychological measures and tests for use in other cross-cultural comparative research,and they are important to conduct before cross-cultural comparisons.

_____ refers to how individuals may act in accordance with collectivistic cultural frameworks.

A systematic tendency to respond in a certain way to items or scales is referred to as a:

The two facets of socially desirable responding tendencies are self-deceptive enhancement and _____.

Studies that examine whether constructs are conceptualized the same way across cultures,the relationship of a construct to other constructs,or the measurement of a construct are called _____.

Cross-cultural comparisons that include the measurement of a variable (contextual factor) that assesses a cultural factor considered to produce the differences on the target variable being compared across cultures are called _____.

The _____ is an approach to establishing language equivalence,in which several bilingual informants collectively translate a research protocol into a target language.

_____ involve any variable that can explain,partly or fully,cross-cultural differences when they are observed in a study.

Which of the following describes priming studies?

During a cross-cultural study,if a scale was validated in one culture,it can be assumed that it is equally valid in any other culture.

Linkage studies merely document differences between cultures on some psychological variable and are unable to state whether the source of the differences is cultural or not.

_____ are variables that operationalize aspects of culture that researchers believe produce differences in psychological variables.

The idea of _____ is based on the notion that people make implicit social comparisons with others when making ratings on scales,rather than relying on direct inferences about a private,personal value system (Peng,Nisbett,& Wong,1997) .

On the individual level,Triandis referred to collectivism as idiocentrism.

Studies that examine cultural differences in mean levels of variables are called _____.