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Bandura believed that self-reinforcement:


A) is unaffected by past behavior as our limits are fixed.
B) is particularly effective for infants.
C) is achieved by setting personal standards of behavior and achievement.
D) is not as effective as reinforcement administered by others.

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Self-reinforcement is:


A) incapable of influencing learning.
B) more important than reinforcement administered by others.
C) more effective with children than with adults.
D) apparently similar to conscience or superego.

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Which of the following is true about the life of Albert Bandura?


A) Bandura was born in Poland and later moved to Canada with his family.
B) Bandura's childhood was unhappy and was marked by isolation and depression.
C) Bandura chose psychology out of interest despite his friends' advice.
D) Bandura's parents understood the value of education and encouraged him to study.

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According to research conducted on Bandura's theory,which of the following statements is true of the factors influenced by self-efficacy?


A) There is a significant positive relationship between self-efficacy and academic performance.
B) Gender differences in self-efficacy can influence our choice of career.
C) Self-efficacy affects several aspects of physical well-being,including pain tolerance and living a healthy lifestyle.
D) All of these are correct.

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Bandura's assessment techniques include:


A) self-report inventories.
B) projective techniques.
C) free association.
D) dream analysis.

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In his approach to personality,Bandura saw "self" as the:


A) equilibrium between the conscious and the unconscious.
B) psychic agent that determines behavior.
C) set of cognitive processes and structures.
D) set of needs controlled through tension reduction.

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In the Bobo doll experiments by Bandura,the experimental group was found to be less aggressive than the control group.

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In _____,we form a mental picture of the model's behavior and use it as a basis for imitation at a future time.


A) a classical conditioning system
B) an operant conditioning system
C) a verbal system
D) an imaginal system

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Incentive and motivational processes:


A) affect performance of an observed behavior but not attentional or retention processes.
B) affect attentional and retention processes but not performance of the desired behavior.
C) influence attentional and retention processes as well as performance of the desired behavior.
D) are mandatory for observational learning to occur and the learned behavior to be replicated.

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According to the studies on modeling conducted by Bandura,which of the following statements is true?


A) The disinhibition effect increases with age.
B) Verbal modeling can cause effective learning without explanation.
C) Children model their behavior on examples provided by their parents.
D) Modeling influences actions without changing perception.

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Unrealistic performance standards:


A) result from behavior learned from unusually talented models.
B) are a result of alcoholism and drug use.
C) do not motivate or challenge us enough.
D) cause us to perform sustainably at our peak.

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In the context of the developmental stages of self-efficacy,in old age:


A) self-efficacy reassessments are convenient compared to other stages.
B) peers provide comparative reference points for assessing one's level of achievement.
C) goals are redefined as careers,family,and social lives are reassessed.
D) low self-efficacy can further affect physical and mental functioning.

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A distinctive feature of Bandura's theory is vicarious reinforcement,which involves observing the behavior of other people.

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In the context of learning through observation,Bandura pointed out that operant conditioning is:


A) an inefficient way to learn certain skills.
B) less important than respondent conditioning.
C) usually the safest method for learning behavior.
D) a way of learning by observing others.

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Which of the following statements is true about the characteristics of observers that influence modeling?


A) Older children are reinforced primarily by physical stimuli such as food,affection,and punishment.
B) The set of behaviors we choose to imitate stay constant during our lifetime.
C) Because of immediate imitation during infancy,reiterations of modeled behavior are unnecessary.
D) The probability of imitation of a modeled behavior is inversely proportional to self-esteem of the observer.

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In the context of modeling,which of the following is more likely to be imitated?


A) Simple behaviors
B) Hostile behaviors
C) Behaviors that are rewarded
D) All of these are correct.

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According to research,which of the following statements is true about the relationship between self-efficacy and physical appearance?


A) For men,self-esteem had a greater effect on their feelings of being in control of their lives than did their physical appearance.
B) Older baby-faced adults reported lower levels of self-efficacy because of their inability to create a perception of maturity.
C) People who were rated less attractive reported lower feelings of control in both job and social situations.
D) Height was found to be unrelated to the extent to which people felt in control of their lives.

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According to Bandura,the observational learning approach:


A) is a less extreme form of behaviorism than Skinner's.
B) takes cognitive or thought processes into consideration.
C) studies normal human subjects in social interaction.
D) all of these are correct.

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According to Bandura,deviant people:


A) were not reinforced sufficiently in childhood.
B) resisted attempts at modeling in childhood.
C) learned devious behavior through operant conditioning.
D) followed models the rest of society considers undesirable.

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Which of the following is true about disinhibition and its various forms?


A) Lack of anonymity online reduces disinhibition against offensive behavior.
B) Sexual behavior is unaffected by the phenomenon of disinhibition.
C) Disinhibition is usually higher in females and tends to increase with age.
D) Anonymity in large crowds increases tendencies of people to discard their inhibitions.

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