Exam 3: Stress: Its Meaning, Impact and Sources

A) alarm
B) secondary appraisal
C) exhaustion
D) adaptation

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A) threat
B) harm-loss
C) challenge
D) transaction

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A) develop generalized cognitive deficits.
B) increase their ability to distinguish sounds.
C) suffer physiologically but not cognitive deficits.
D) learn to ignore relevant information.

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A

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Primary and secondary appraisal are two key components of the cognitive appraisal theory, which is a framework for understanding how individuals perceive and respond to stress. Primary appraisal involves the initial evaluation of a situation to determine whether it is a threat, a challenge, or a potential benefit. This appraisal is based on the individual's perception of the significance of the situation and their ability to cope with it. If the situation is perceived as a threat, it can lead to feelings of fear, anxiety, or helplessness. If it is perceived as a challenge, it can lead to feelings of motivation and determination. And if it is perceived as a potential benefit, it can lead to feelings of excitement and opportunity. Secondary appraisal, on the other hand, involves the evaluation of the individual's coping resources and options for dealing with the situation. This appraisal is based on the individual's assessment of their ability to control or influence the situation, as well as their confidence in their coping skills. It also involves evaluating the potential outcomes of different coping strategies and their potential effectiveness. The relationship between primary and secondary appraisal is that they are interconnected and influence each other. The initial primary appraisal of a situation can influence the secondary appraisal by shaping the individual's perception of their coping resources and options. For example, if a situation is perceived as a threat in the primary appraisal, the individual may feel that their coping resources are limited and their options for dealing with the situation are constrained. This can lead to a more negative secondary appraisal, with the individual feeling less confident in their ability to cope effectively. Conversely, the secondary appraisal can also influence the primary appraisal by shaping the individual's perception of the situation itself. If the individual feels confident in their coping resources and options, they may be more likely to perceive the situation as a challenge rather than a threat, leading to a more positive primary appraisal. In summary, the relationship between primary and secondary appraisal is that they work together to shape the individual's perception of a stressful situation and their emotional and behavioral responses to it. The way a situation is initially appraised can influence the individual's assessment of their coping resources and options, and vice versa. Understanding this relationship can help individuals better manage and cope with stress in their lives.

A) Stress is an uncommon experience.
B) Stress may be only a mild condition.
C) All individuals experience stress equally.
D) Stress is always of short duration.

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A) fight?or?flight
B) secondary appraisal
C) general adaptation
D) alarm

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Cannon's fight-or-flight response and Selye's general adaptation syndrome are both theories that explain how the body responds to stress, but they have some key differences. Cannon's fight-or-flight response is a physiological reaction that occurs in response to a perceived harmful event, attack, or threat to survival. This response is characterized by the release of adrenaline and other stress hormones, which prepare the body to either fight the stressor or flee from it. The key components of this response include increased heart rate, rapid breathing, and heightened alertness. This response is immediate and short-lived, designed to help the body deal with acute stressors. On the other hand, Selye's general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is a three-stage model that describes the body's response to stress over time. The first stage is the alarm reaction, which is similar to Cannon's fight-or-flight response and involves the immediate activation of the body's stress response system. The second stage is the resistance stage, during which the body attempts to cope with the ongoing stressor. If the stressor persists, the body may eventually enter the third stage, known as the exhaustion stage, where the body's resources become depleted and it becomes more susceptible to illness and disease. In summary, while both Cannon's fight-or-flight response and Selye's general adaptation syndrome describe the body's response to stress, Cannon's theory focuses on the immediate physiological response to acute stress, while Selye's theory describes the body's response to prolonged or chronic stress over time.

A) distress; anger
B) distress; distress
C) anger; anger
D) anger; distress

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A) Primary and secondary appraisals are highly interrelated.
B) Secondary appraisal doesn't always follow primary appraisal in time.
C) Stress cannot be experienced unless cognitive appraisal occurs.
D) Stress conditions often depend upon the outcome of our appraisals.

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A) is related to epinephrine secretion.
B) is preparatory in nature.
C) may be harmful if prolonged.
D) all of the above

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A) Walter Cannon
B) Hans Selye
C) Holmes and Rahe
D) Marianne Frankenhaeuser
E) Richard Lazarus

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A) It includes the role of psychosocial factors.
B) It assumes that all stressors produce the same physiological reactions.
C) It largely ignores biological responses to stress.
D) It assumes that children do not go through the same stages as adults.

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A) loss of identity.
B) higher spousal stress.
C) expectations of freedom and leisure
D) all of the above

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A) Cognitions can affect the experience of stress.
B) Thinking about the stressful incident constantly reduces the stress.
C) Stress can affect cognitions.
D) Chronic stress can result from cognitive processes.

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A) stress and illness actually are unrelated.
B) some of the questions on the SRRS are vaguely worded.
C) illness may occur for many reasons other than stress.
D) both b and c

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A) low controllability.
B) secondary appraisal.
C) situation ambiguity.
D) social readjustment.

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A) a malfunctioning hypothalamus-pituitary adrenal axis.
B) harm ambiguity.
C) a disease of adaptation.
D) posttraumatic stress disorder.

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