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Based on her review of relevant scientific studies,a researcher believes that there is a relationship between the frequency of a baby's crying and whether it was nursed at set intervals or on a demand schedule.If this belief were tested by experimentally manipulating feeding schedules,frequency of crying would be called the:


A) latent factor.
B) dependent variable.
C) independent variable.
D) control factor.

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It would be considered unethical for a psychology professor to require students to act as participants in his or her research in order to earn points for their class.

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A researcher tests the hypothesis that students who study in the room where they take their tests will perform better on the tests than students who study in other rooms.She assigns one group of volunteer participants to study in the classroom where the exam is given and another group to study in the library.All students take the test in the classroom,and their test performance is compared.In this example,where students study is the:


A) independent variable.
B) dependent variable.
C) manipulation.
D) hypothesis.

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A student of Wilhelm Wundt ,Edward Titchener,was responsible for naming the ________ school of thought.


A) structuralist
B) functionalist
C) behaviorist
D) reductionist

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A teacher tells the school psychologist that Kate is late to class,does not turn in her homework,squirms around a lot in her seat,and swings her feet constantly.This is an example of which goal of psychology?


A) describing behavior
B) explaining behavior
C) predicting behavior
D) controlling behavior

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Eila is participating in a psychological experiment for one of the graduate students at her university.She is pretty confident that she knows the true intent of the study and is trying to answer the questions accordingly.This is because the graduate student who designed the study unintentionally left hints as to what the true purpose of the experiment was,and Eila has figured out that purpose.A common pitfall in experiments,Eila has been influenced by:


A) intentionality.
B) the Rosenthal effect.
C) observer bias.
D) demand characteristics.

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Descriptive research methods include naturalistic observations,case studies,and surveys.

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The study of psychology requires the use of critical thinking to determine what is and what is not truly scientific.

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What is one similarity shared by clinical psychologists and psychiatrists?


A) They obtain the same graduate degree.
B) They have the same training experiences after college.
C) They view abnormal behaviors as arising from the same causes.
D) They work with people experiencing behavioral and emotional problems.

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The question "How can it be changed?" refers to which of the following goals in psychology?


A) description
B) explanation
C) prediction
D) control

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Structuralism emphasized __________.


A) individual differences
B) the application of biological principles to the mind
C) the influence of subconscious urges on conscious behavior
D) the basic units of experience and their combinations

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Each of the following is a common ethical guideline mandated by the American Psychological Association EXCEPT ___________________.


A) data remain confidential
B) volunteers must willingly give informed consent prior to participating
C) participants cannot be subjected to any physically or emotionally painful stimuli
D) deception must be justified

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In order to better understand the world around us,psychologists use techniques based on ___________.


A) cultural ethnocentrism
B) objective introspection
C) philosophical logic
D) the scientific method

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Ken is planning on studying the influence of intelligence on the ability to recall events from the 1960s.Ken neglects to account for variables such as age that could also influence one's ability to recall these events> In this example,age could be considered a(n) __________________ variable.


A) random
B) dependent
C) confounding
D) independent

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In an experiment,a researcher wants to avoid the presence of:


A) extraneous variables.
B) dependent variables.
C) independent variables.
D) random assignment.

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The goals of psychology are to ________.


A) explore the conscious and unconscious functions of the human mind
B) understand,compare,and analyze human behavior
C) improve psychological well-being in all individuals from birth until death
D) describe,explain,predict,and control behavior

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The school of thought that became known as behaviorism was founded by __________.


A) Watson
B) Titchener
C) James
D) Wundt

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In the definition of psychology,the term mental processes refers to __________.


A) internal,unobservable behaviors
B) outward behavior
C) overt actions and reactions
D) only animal behavior

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Political polls taken before major elections are examples of __________ research.


A) correlational
B) experimental
C) case study
D) survey

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In a formal experiment,the group subjected to a change in the independent variable is called the __________ group.


A) independent
B) experimental
C) dependent
D) control

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