A) hostile.
B) instrumental.
C) aggravated.
D) biochemical.
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A) Consistent with Piaget's theory, young children are unable to consider intentionality in their moral reasoning.
B) In contrast to Piaget's theory, young children are able to consider intentionality in their moral reasoning when the consequences of the behaviour are made more salient.
C) In contrast to Piaget's theory, young children are able to consider intentionality in their moral reasoning when the motives behind the behaviour are made more salient.
D) In contrast to Piaget's theory, young children are nearly as capable of considering intentionality in their moral reasoning as are older children.
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A) altruism.
B) conscience.
C) empathy.
D) sympathy.
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A) importance of genetics.
B) importance of environment.
C) additive effects of genetics and environment.
D) interaction between genetics and environment.
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A) Harsh discipline is equally effective at promoting children's internalization of parents' standards for children of all temperamental styles.
B) Gentle discipline is equally effective at promoting children's internalization of parents' standards for children of all temperamental styles.
C) Gentle discipline is effective at promoting children's internalization of parents' standards for temperamentally kind children, but not for temperamentally angry children.
D) Gentle discipline is effective at promoting children's internalization of parents' standards for temperamentally fearful children, but not for temperamentally fearless children.
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A) fraternal twins and identical twins are equally similar to each other in levels of prosocial behaviour, and their similarity decreases with age.
B) fraternal twins and identical twins are equally similar to each other in levels of prosocial behaviour, and their similarity increases with age.
C) identical twins are more similar to each other in levels of prosocial behaviour than are fraternal twins, and their similarity decreases with age.
D) identical twins are more similar to each other in levels of prosocial behaviour than are fraternal twins, and their similarity increases with age.
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A) Heredity plays a similarly strong role in aggression in childhood and adolescence.
B) It is a myth that testosterone plays a role in aggression.
C) Genetic, neurological, and hormonal characteristics are probably sufficient to produce an aggressive child, regardless of environmental factors.
D) Heredity has a larger influence on some types of aggression than on other types.
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A) Children with no antisocial tendencies are likely to be influenced by the peer group or by gangs to become aggressive.
B) Children who are antisocial and aggressive are more likely to be involved with antisocial peer groups and gangs, but these peer groups and gangs do not influence them to engage in more antisocial behaviour.
C) Children who are antisocial and aggressive are more likely to be involved with antisocial peer groups and gangs, and these peer groups and gangs increase their likelihood of engaging in more antisocial behaviour.
D) Children with no antisocial tendencies can influence their peer group or gang to become less aggressive.
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A) anxiety.
B) anger.
C) motivation to comply with parental demands.
D) assuming that others have hostile intentions.
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A) "Freddie should help because the boy is hurt."
B) "Freddie should not help because his teacher will think he is bad if he gets to school all dirty."
C) "Freddie should help because he will feel bad if the boy is hurt and he doesn't help him."
D) "Freddie should not help the boy because he will get dirty, and he doesn't want to get dirty."
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A) "It wasn't me who cleaned the classroom."
B) "I was me who cleaned the classroom."
C) "It wasn't me who took the candy."
D) "It was me who won the fight."
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A) Children's prosocial moral reasoning becomes increasingly abstract.
B) The stages outlined by Eisenberg are completely distinct from Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning.
C) Children are increasingly concerned with their own needs as they develop.
D) The level of prosocial moral reasoning in which children are classified has little association with how prosocial their behaviour is.
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A) Children whose mothers responded immediately to their emotional distress.
B) Children whose mothers allowed them to experience some negative emotion before responding to them.
C) Children whose mothers are rated as least responsive to their needs.
D) Children whose mothers are best educated.
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A) 75%
B) 62%
C) 54%
D) 39%
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A) gender
B) socioeconomic status
C) age
D) whether telling the truth would be boasting
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A) social conventional judgments.
B) moral judgments.
C) personal judgments.
D) prosocial judgments.
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A) "I shouldn't do that because it is my responsibility to fulfill my duties."
B) "I shouldn't do that because I will get caught and I don't want to be punished."
C) "I shouldn't do that because it is not in the best interest of society."
D) "I shouldn't do that because it won't do me much good."
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A) Harsh physical punishment has a stronger effect on children's externalizing problems than vice versa.
B) Children's externalizing problems has a stronger effect on harsh physical punishment than vice versa.
C) The association is equally strong in both directions.
D) The correlation between harsh physical punishment and children's externalizing problems is explained almost entirely by genetics.
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A) Males tend to be more concerned with protecting their image in the social circle when they make moral judgments.
B) Females tend to focus their moral judgments more on issues of caring for other people than do males.
C) Males tend to be less able to reason at their full cognitive capacity when faced with moral dilemmas.
D) Differences in males' and females' moral reasoning are more apparent when reasoning about hypothetical moral dilemmas than when reasoning about dilemmas in their own lives.
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A) Individuals with a higher degree of education tend to reason at a higher level than do others.
B) Individuals whose moral reasoning is at higher levels are more likely to help others.
C) Individuals whose moral reasoning is at higher levels are less likely to engage in delinquent activities.
D) All of these statements are true.
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