Which of the following statements characterizes the economics of working-class family life in late-nineteenth-century America?
A) Except for the lowest-paid factory workers,most male heads of household were able to support their families through their own labor. B) Due to their dire economic circumstances,working-class families frequently sent their children out to work in mills,factories,or mines. C) Women's household work was crucial in maintaining the family,and this work was commonly done by older daughters because wives were employed outside the home. D) As children grew older,their material needs increased,which strained family budgets and made supporting the children's adolescent years hardest on families.
E) All of the above F) A) and B)
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During the late 1800s,an adult male immigrant from which of the following locations would most likely be a skilled worker?
A) Poland B) Wales C) Italy D) Greece
E) None of the above F) C) and D)
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Given the influence of industrial capitalism and corporations in the United States in this period,do you think the term industrial statesmen or robber barons is more accurate as a description for industrial leaders such as Andrew Carnegie,John D.Rockefeller,and Gustavus Swift? Or would you prefer a different term? Explain your answer.
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Eager to maximize profits,Carnegie sough...
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What did Standard Oil,Singer Manufacturing,and General Electric have in common?
A) All were led by immigrants into the United States. B) Each of their leaders began as an industrial mechanic. C) They succeeded through horizontal integration. D) They succeeded through vertical integration.
E) All of the above F) C) and D)
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Gustavus Swift boosted productivity in his Chicago slaughterhouses in the 1860s by using
A) horizontal integration. B) assembly lines. C) the closed shop. D) the foreman system.
E) None of the above F) B) and C)
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What factors led to the rise of the corporation after 1865? What means did corporate leaders use to expand their control of markets?
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Answer would ideally include: - Industri...
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Founded in 1867,the National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry
A) sponsored events to improve the social life of farm families. B) built railroad networks to lower farmers' transportation costs. C) worked with state and national banks to reduce inflation. D) agitated for laws to exclude immigrants from the Homestead Act.
E) A) and D) F) B) and C)
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How would you distinguish between labor reform and trade unionism?
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Answer would ideally include: - Labor Re...
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What impact did Americans' response to Asian newcomers have on immigration policies?
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Answer would ideally include: - Chinese ...
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For this question,refer to the following excerpt from a cookbook that won a prize from the American Public Health Association in 1890. For family of six,average price 78 cents per day,or 13 cents per person.
) ..I am going to consider myself as talking to the mother of a family who has six mouths to feed,and no more money than this to do it with.Perhaps this woman has never kept accurate accounts....I have in mind the wife [who has] time to attend to the housework and children.If a woman helps earn,as in a factory,doing most of her housework after she comes home at night,she must certainly have more money than in the first case in order to accomplish the same result....
[Sample spring menu]
Breakfast.Milk Toast.Coffee.
Dinner.Stuffed Beef's Heart.Potatoes stewed with Milk.Dried Apple Pie.Bread and Cheese.Corn Coffee.
Supper.Noodle Soup (from Saturday) .Boiled Herring.Bread.Tea.
Mary Hinman Abel,Promoting Nutrition,1890
The excerpt above was most likely a reaction to
A) industrial culture in the United States leading to greater opportunities for women. B) political machines providing social services in exchange for political support. C) the divided social conditions that cities reflected among classes,cultures,and ethnicities. D) arguments that the wealthy had some obligation to help the less fortunate.
E) B) and C) F) C) and D)
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Answer the following questions :
-American Federation of Labor
A) The 1892 barring of workers at the Homestead,Pennsylvania,steel mill after Andrew Carnegie refused to renew the union contract.Union supporters attacked the guards hired to close them out and protect strikebreakers who had been employed by the mill,but the National Guard soon suppressed this resistance and Homestead,like other steel plants,became a non-union mill. B) An internal management structure adopted by many large,complex corporations that distinguished top executives from those responsible for day-to-day operations and departmentalized operations by function. C) A business model in which a corporation controlled all aspects of production from raw materials to packaged products."Robber barons" or industrial innovators such as Gustavus Swift and Andrew Carnegie pioneered this business form at the end of the Civil War. D) A business concept invented in the late nineteenth century to pressure competitors and force rivals to merge their companies into a conglomerate.John D.Rockefeller of Standard Oil pioneered this business model. E) A small group of associates that hold stock from a group of combined firms,managing them as a single entity.These groups quickly evolved into other centralized business forms,but progressive critics continued to refer to giant firms like United States Steel and Standard Oil by this term. F) Andrew Carnegie's argument that corporate leaders' success showed their "fitness" to lead society,and that poverty demonstrated,on the contrary,lack of "fitness" to compete in the new economy.Carnegie advocated,however,that wealthy men should use their fortunes for the public good. G) The elimination of skilled labor under a new system of mechanized manufacturing,in which workers completed discrete,small-scale tasks rather than crafting an entire product.With the elimination of skilled labor,employers found they could pay workers less and replace them more easily. H) A system of organizing work developed by Frederick W.Taylor in the late nineteenth century.It was designed to coax maximum output from the individual worker,increase efficiency,and reduce production costs. I) A nickname for the former Confederate states,used by boosters to describe the region's economic diversification and growth of industrial jobs in the post-Civil War era.Due to the region's poverty,many of those industries were extractive (such as coal and timber) and some (like textiles) were low-wage and involved considerable child labor. J) The 1882 law that barred Chinese laborers from entering the United States.It continued in effect until the 1940s. K) A nationwide strike of thousands of railroad workers and labor allies,who protested the growing power of railroad corporations and the steep wage cuts imposed by railroad managers amid a severe economic depression that had begun in 1873. L) A national political movement calling on the government to increase the money supply in order to assist borrowers and foster economic growth;Members of this party also called for greater regulation of corporations and laws enforcing an eight-hour workday. M) The argument that real economic wealth is created by workers who make their living by physical labor,such as farmers and craftsmen,and that merchants,lawyers,bankers,and other middlemen unfairly gain their wealth from such "producers." N) Economic regulatory laws passed in some midwestern states in the late 1870s,trigged by pressure from farmers and the Greenback-Labor Party. O) The first mass labor organization created among America's working class.Founded in 1869 and peaking in strength in the mid-1880s,this organization attempted to bridge boundaries of ethnicity,gender,ideology,race,and occupation to build a "universal brotherhood" of all workers. P) The advocacy of a stateless society achieved by revolutionary means.Feared for their views,advocates of this ideology became scapegoats for the 1886 Haymarket Square bombing. Q) The May 4,1886 conflict in Chicago in which both workers and policemen were killed or wounded during a labor demonstration called by local anarchists.The incident created a backlash against all labor organizations,including the Knights of Labor. R) A rural movement founded in Texas during the depression of the 1870s that spread across the plains states and the South.This group advocated cooperative stores and exchanges that would circumvent middlemen,and it called for greater government aid to farmers and stricter regulation of railroads. S) An 1887 act that created a commission of the same name,a federal regulatory agency designed to oversee the railroad industry and prevent collusion and unfair rates. T) Organization created by Samuel Gompers in 1886 that coordinated the activities of craft unions and called for direct negotiation with employers in order to achieve benefits for skilled workers.Like other trade unions,this group called for the closed shop-all employees had to be union members-to keep out low-wage competition and strengthen unions' bargaining power with employers.
U) F) and K) V) G) and S)
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Which of the following pairs is properly matched?
A) Closed shop-force applied on a comparable industry to bring pressure on the primary target B) Yellow-dog contract-workers in one industry organized into a single organization,regardless of skill C) Collective bargaining-union negotiates with the employer for all the employees D) Trade union-all jobs reserved for union members
E) All of the above F) C) and D)
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The outcome of the implementation of scientific management was
A) resistance from workers. B) resistance from managers. C) decreasing production efficiency. D) that workers found unions less appealing.
E) B) and D) F) B) and C)
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How did patterns of immigration to the United States change between 1840 and 1900?
What roles did newly arrived immigrants play in the economy during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
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Answer would ideally include: - Changing...
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Which of the following statements describes the experiences of the new immigrants who entered the United States between 1880 and 1920?
A) These groups found adjustment to the new country easier than earlier groups had. B) They often planned on working and saving money for a few years before returning home. C) They quickly assimilated into American culture and gave up their customs and languages. D) The new immigrants were welcomed much more graciously than were the Irish in 1840.
E) B) and D) F) A) and D)
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Answer the following questions :
-management revolution
A) The 1892 barring of workers at the Homestead,Pennsylvania,steel mill after Andrew Carnegie refused to renew the union contract.Union supporters attacked the guards hired to close them out and protect strikebreakers who had been employed by the mill,but the National Guard soon suppressed this resistance and Homestead,like other steel plants,became a non-union mill. B) An internal management structure adopted by many large,complex corporations that distinguished top executives from those responsible for day-to-day operations and departmentalized operations by function. C) A business model in which a corporation controlled all aspects of production from raw materials to packaged products."Robber barons" or industrial innovators such as Gustavus Swift and Andrew Carnegie pioneered this business form at the end of the Civil War. D) A business concept invented in the late nineteenth century to pressure competitors and force rivals to merge their companies into a conglomerate.John D.Rockefeller of Standard Oil pioneered this business model. E) A small group of associates that hold stock from a group of combined firms,managing them as a single entity.These groups quickly evolved into other centralized business forms,but progressive critics continued to refer to giant firms like United States Steel and Standard Oil by this term. F) Andrew Carnegie's argument that corporate leaders' success showed their "fitness" to lead society,and that poverty demonstrated,on the contrary,lack of "fitness" to compete in the new economy.Carnegie advocated,however,that wealthy men should use their fortunes for the public good. G) The elimination of skilled labor under a new system of mechanized manufacturing,in which workers completed discrete,small-scale tasks rather than crafting an entire product.With the elimination of skilled labor,employers found they could pay workers less and replace them more easily. H) A system of organizing work developed by Frederick W.Taylor in the late nineteenth century.It was designed to coax maximum output from the individual worker,increase efficiency,and reduce production costs. I) A nickname for the former Confederate states,used by boosters to describe the region's economic diversification and growth of industrial jobs in the post-Civil War era.Due to the region's poverty,many of those industries were extractive (such as coal and timber) and some (like textiles) were low-wage and involved considerable child labor. J) The 1882 law that barred Chinese laborers from entering the United States.It continued in effect until the 1940s. K) A nationwide strike of thousands of railroad workers and labor allies,who protested the growing power of railroad corporations and the steep wage cuts imposed by railroad managers amid a severe economic depression that had begun in 1873. L) A national political movement calling on the government to increase the money supply in order to assist borrowers and foster economic growth;Members of this party also called for greater regulation of corporations and laws enforcing an eight-hour workday. M) The argument that real economic wealth is created by workers who make their living by physical labor,such as farmers and craftsmen,and that merchants,lawyers,bankers,and other middlemen unfairly gain their wealth from such "producers." N) Economic regulatory laws passed in some midwestern states in the late 1870s,trigged by pressure from farmers and the Greenback-Labor Party. O) The first mass labor organization created among America's working class.Founded in 1869 and peaking in strength in the mid-1880s,this organization attempted to bridge boundaries of ethnicity,gender,ideology,race,and occupation to build a "universal brotherhood" of all workers. P) The advocacy of a stateless society achieved by revolutionary means.Feared for their views,advocates of this ideology became scapegoats for the 1886 Haymarket Square bombing. Q) The May 4,1886 conflict in Chicago in which both workers and policemen were killed or wounded during a labor demonstration called by local anarchists.The incident created a backlash against all labor organizations,including the Knights of Labor. R) A rural movement founded in Texas during the depression of the 1870s that spread across the plains states and the South.This group advocated cooperative stores and exchanges that would circumvent middlemen,and it called for greater government aid to farmers and stricter regulation of railroads. S) An 1887 act that created a commission of the same name,a federal regulatory agency designed to oversee the railroad industry and prevent collusion and unfair rates. T) Organization created by Samuel Gompers in 1886 that coordinated the activities of craft unions and called for direct negotiation with employers in order to achieve benefits for skilled workers.Like other trade unions,this group called for the closed shop-all employees had to be union members-to keep out low-wage competition and strengthen unions' bargaining power with employers.
U) R) and S) V) A) and O)
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After the Civil War,Republican economic policies led to
A) huge budget deficits. B) significant tax increases. C) the dominance of large corporations. D) sustained inflation.
E) All of the above F) B) and C)
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In the late 1880s,the Texas Alliance proposed cooperative enterprise to
A) provide a safe place for farmers' savings. B) reduce the influence of government in agriculture. C) give farmers access to cheap credit. D) fight inflation.
E) All of the above F) A) and D)
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For this question,refer to the following photograph by Lewis Hine. The photograph above is best understood in the context of
A) the theory of Social Darwinism. B) the consolidation of large corporations in the United States. C) organized workers confronting corporate power directly. D) industrialization of the nation leading to an expanded industrial workforce.
E) B) and D) F) A) and B)
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What factors typically shaped the experience of immigrants in the United States? How did these factors differ among ethnic and racial groups?
The photograph above is best understood in the context of